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UNIT 11: BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES 11.0 Introduction Biochemical and molecular techniques are fundamental tools in modern biology and environmental science. These techniques enable the analysis of DNA, RNA, proteins, and other biomolecules, helping researchers detect genetic variations, identify organisms, and monitor environmental contaminants at the molecular level. This unit introduces essential molecular tools like PCR, restriction enzymes, DNA fingerprinting, blotting, sequencing, and their applications in environmental monitoring. 11.1 Objectives After completing this unit, you should be able to: Understand the basic principles of restriction endonucleases and PCR. Explain DNA fingerprinting and its types (RFLP, RAPD, AFLP). Describe blotting techniques and sequencing methods. Apply these molecular techniques in environmental monitoring. 11.2 Restriction Endonucleases Restriction endonucleases , or restrictio...

UNIT 10: IMMUNOASSAYS 10.0 Introduction Immunoassays are analytical methods based on the specific binding between an antigen and its corresponding antibody. These assays are widely used in medical diagnostics, biotechnology, pharmaceutical research, and increasingly in environmental monitoring . The ability of immunoassays to detect trace levels of analytes with high specificity makes them invaluable for detecting pollutants, toxins, and biological contaminants. 10.1 Objectives After studying this unit, the learner will be able to: Understand the principles of immunoassay techniques. Differentiate between various types of immunoassays. Describe how immunoassays are applied in environmental analysis. Comprehend advanced labeling and detection methods such as DELFIA and SFLIA. 10.2 Radio Immuno-Assays (RIA) Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is one of the earliest immunoassay techniques. It involves labeling an antigen or antibody with a ...