MEDS 042: Block-2 (Unit 01) – Water and Sanitation
UNIT 1: WATER AND SANITATION
1.1 Introduction
Access to safe
water and sanitation is a fundamental human right and a cornerstone of
sustainable development. It influences public health, economic productivity,
educational outcomes, and gender equity. This unit explores the
interconnections between water, sanitation, and broader development goals,
especially in the Indian context.
1.2 Water and Sanitation: Concept and Importance
Water refers to
clean, potable water accessible for drinking, cooking, hygiene, and
agricultural needs.
Sanitation involves systems for safe disposal of human waste, wastewater
management, and hygiene practices like handwashing.
Importance:
- Essential
for public health and disease prevention.
- Vital for
dignity, particularly for women and children.
- Influences
social equity and environmental sustainability.
1.3 Water-Sanitation and Development Relationship
Water and
sanitation are closely linked to multiple dimensions of development:
- Health: Prevents waterborne diseases.
- Education: Reduces dropout rates, especially for girls.
- Economy: Saves time, increases productivity.
- Gender: Reduces burden on women for water collection.
- Environment: Supports ecological balance and reduces pollution.
Linked with
SDG 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation
for all.
1.4 Health Effects of Water and Sanitation
Poor water and
sanitation are leading causes of disease and mortality:
- Diseases: Diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, dysentery, and hepatitis A.
- Malnutrition: Caused by recurrent illness and unsafe drinking water.
- Vector-Borne
Illnesses: Like malaria and dengue due to stagnant water.
- Children: Under-five mortality is significantly impacted by unsafe water.
Improved water
and sanitation can prevent at least 9% of the global disease burden.
1.5 Challenges of Water and Sanitation Problems
India faces
various obstacles in ensuring universal access:
- Water
Scarcity: Over-extraction, declining groundwater,
droughts.
- Poor
Infrastructure: Inadequate toilets, drainage, and piped water
supply.
- Urban
Slums: Lack of basic sanitation in informal
settlements.
- Behavioral
Issues: Open defecation, improper hygiene practices.
- Climate
Change: Increases water stress and contamination.
1.6 Water and Sanitation Policy of India
India has
launched several national-level programs:
- Swachh
Bharat Mission (SBM): Aimed at eliminating open defecation and
improving sanitation infrastructure.
- Jal
Jeevan Mission (JJM): Focuses on providing piped water to every rural
household by 2024.
- National
Water Policy: Advocates for integrated water resource
management.
- AMRUT and
Smart Cities Mission: Urban initiatives to enhance water supply and
sanitation.
These policies
emphasize decentralized governance, community participation, and technological
innovation.
1.7 Let Us Sum Up
Water and
sanitation are integral to achieving a healthy, equitable, and sustainable
society. Despite improvements, challenges persist due to infrastructure gaps,
behavioral norms, and environmental pressures. India’s policy response shows
promise but requires consistent monitoring, funding, and grassroots
implementation.
1.8 Keywords
- Potable
Water – Safe and clean water suitable for drinking.
- Sanitation – Safe disposal and treatment of human waste and hygiene
management.
- Waterborne
Diseases – Illnesses caused by contaminated water, like
diarrhea and cholera.
- Open
Defecation – The practice of defecating in open fields or
public spaces.
- Water
Scarcity – Insufficient available freshwater to meet
demand.
- Swachh
Bharat Mission – India’s flagship program to eliminate open
defecation and promote hygiene.
- Jal
Jeevan Mission – Initiative for piped water supply to all rural
households.
- SDG 6 – UN goal focusing on clean water and sanitation for all.
- Groundwater
Depletion – Reduction in underground water levels due to
overuse.
- Behavioral
Change – Transformation in hygiene and sanitation
practices.
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