MEDS 042: Block-2 (Unit 01) – Water and Sanitation

 UNIT 1: WATER AND SANITATION


1.1 Introduction

Access to safe water and sanitation is a fundamental human right and a cornerstone of sustainable development. It influences public health, economic productivity, educational outcomes, and gender equity. This unit explores the interconnections between water, sanitation, and broader development goals, especially in the Indian context.


1.2 Water and Sanitation: Concept and Importance

Water refers to clean, potable water accessible for drinking, cooking, hygiene, and agricultural needs.
Sanitation involves systems for safe disposal of human waste, wastewater management, and hygiene practices like handwashing.

Importance:

  • Essential for public health and disease prevention.
  • Vital for dignity, particularly for women and children.
  • Influences social equity and environmental sustainability.

1.3 Water-Sanitation and Development Relationship

Water and sanitation are closely linked to multiple dimensions of development:

  • Health: Prevents waterborne diseases.
  • Education: Reduces dropout rates, especially for girls.
  • Economy: Saves time, increases productivity.
  • Gender: Reduces burden on women for water collection.
  • Environment: Supports ecological balance and reduces pollution.

Linked with SDG 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.


1.4 Health Effects of Water and Sanitation

Poor water and sanitation are leading causes of disease and mortality:

  • Diseases: Diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, dysentery, and hepatitis A.
  • Malnutrition: Caused by recurrent illness and unsafe drinking water.
  • Vector-Borne Illnesses: Like malaria and dengue due to stagnant water.
  • Children: Under-five mortality is significantly impacted by unsafe water.

Improved water and sanitation can prevent at least 9% of the global disease burden.


1.5 Challenges of Water and Sanitation Problems

India faces various obstacles in ensuring universal access:

  • Water Scarcity: Over-extraction, declining groundwater, droughts.
  • Poor Infrastructure: Inadequate toilets, drainage, and piped water supply.
  • Urban Slums: Lack of basic sanitation in informal settlements.
  • Behavioral Issues: Open defecation, improper hygiene practices.
  • Climate Change: Increases water stress and contamination.

1.6 Water and Sanitation Policy of India

India has launched several national-level programs:

  • Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM): Aimed at eliminating open defecation and improving sanitation infrastructure.
  • Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM): Focuses on providing piped water to every rural household by 2024.
  • National Water Policy: Advocates for integrated water resource management.
  • AMRUT and Smart Cities Mission: Urban initiatives to enhance water supply and sanitation.

These policies emphasize decentralized governance, community participation, and technological innovation.


1.7 Let Us Sum Up

Water and sanitation are integral to achieving a healthy, equitable, and sustainable society. Despite improvements, challenges persist due to infrastructure gaps, behavioral norms, and environmental pressures. India’s policy response shows promise but requires consistent monitoring, funding, and grassroots implementation.


1.8 Keywords

  • Potable Water – Safe and clean water suitable for drinking.
  • Sanitation – Safe disposal and treatment of human waste and hygiene management.
  • Waterborne Diseases – Illnesses caused by contaminated water, like diarrhea and cholera.
  • Open Defecation – The practice of defecating in open fields or public spaces.
  • Water Scarcity – Insufficient available freshwater to meet demand.
  • Swachh Bharat Mission – India’s flagship program to eliminate open defecation and promote hygiene.
  • Jal Jeevan Mission – Initiative for piped water supply to all rural households.
  • SDG 6 – UN goal focusing on clean water and sanitation for all.
  • Groundwater Depletion – Reduction in underground water levels due to overuse.
  • Behavioral Change – Transformation in hygiene and sanitation practices.

 

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