MEDS 042: Block-2 (Unit 02) – Waste Management
UNIT 2: WASTE MANAGEMENT
2.1 Introduction
Waste
management is a critical urban issue directly linked to environmental health,
public hygiene, and sustainable urban development. Increasing urban population
and changing consumption patterns have led to rising waste generation, making
effective management a key urban governance challenge.
2.2 Waste Management: Concept and Elements
Waste
Management refers to the systematic collection, transportation,
processing, recycling, and disposal of waste materials.
Core Elements:
- Generation – Origin of waste from domestic, commercial, or industrial
sources.
- Segregation – Separation of waste at source (organic, recyclable, hazardous,
etc.).
- Collection
& Transport – Organized system for moving waste to
treatment/disposal sites.
- Treatment – Processes like composting, recycling, incineration,
biomethanation.
- Disposal – Final placement of residual waste, usually in landfills.
2.3 Types and Characteristics of Urban Waste
Urban waste
varies in composition and source:
- Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW) – Household and commercial waste, including
organic, paper, plastic, etc.
- Biomedical
Waste – Infectious and hazardous waste from healthcare
facilities.
- Electronic
Waste (E-Waste) – Discarded electronics and components.
- Industrial
Waste – Chemicals, metals, and byproducts from
manufacturing units.
- Construction
& Demolition Waste – Debris from buildings, roads, and
infrastructure.
Key
characteristics: Volume, biodegradability, toxicity, moisture content, and
recycling potential.
2.4 The Waste Management Hierarchy and the 3R Concept
The Waste
Management Hierarchy prioritizes actions to reduce environmental impact:
- Prevention – Avoiding waste generation.
- Minimization – Reducing waste quantity and toxicity.
- Reuse – Using items multiple times.
- Recycling – Converting waste into reusable materials.
- Recovery – Extracting energy or materials.
- Disposal – Least preferred, includes landfilling and incineration.
3R Principle: Reduce,
Reuse, Recycle – an approach to promote sustainable resource use.
2.5 Governmental Measures for Waste Management
India has
implemented multiple policies and rules:
- Solid
Waste Management Rules, 2016 – Mandates
segregation at source, waste processing, scientific landfilling.
- Plastic
Waste Management Rules – Bans single-use plastics, promotes Extended
Producer Responsibility (EPR).
- E-Waste
Rules – Focus on recycling, recovery, and producer
responsibility.
- Swachh
Bharat Mission – National campaign for clean cities and
improved waste systems.
- State/ULB
Initiatives – Localized waste-to-energy, composting, and
material recovery programs.
2.6 Role of Private Sector, NGOs and Community in Waste Management
A
multi-stakeholder approach enhances waste governance:
- Private
Sector – Invests in technology, recycling,
waste-to-energy, and logistics.
- NGOs – Mobilize awareness, conduct door-to-door collection, and support
informal workers.
- Community
Participation – Crucial for segregation, composting, and
behavior change.
- Informal
Sector – Ragpickers and waste collectors play a vital
role in recycling and recovery.
2.7 Deficiencies and Challenges in the SWM System in India
Despite
reforms, major challenges persist:
- Poor
Segregation – Waste often mixed at source.
- Inadequate
Infrastructure – Lack of treatment plants, scientific
landfills.
- Low
Public Awareness – Behavioral resistance to segregation or
composting.
- Unregulated
Informal Sector – Exploitation and lack of safety measures.
- Policy
Enforcement – Gaps in monitoring and compliance by ULBs and
industries.
- Funding
& Manpower – Budget constraints and insufficient trained
personnel.
2.8 Let Us Sum Up
Effective
waste management is essential for urban sustainability and health. While India
has made progress through legal reforms and programs like Swachh Bharat
Mission, success depends on improved infrastructure, public participation, and
multi-level collaboration.
2.9 Keywords
- Waste
Management – Organized handling of waste from generation to
disposal.
- Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW) – Urban waste from households, shops, and
offices.
- 3R
Principle – Environmental approach of Reduce, Reuse, and
Recycle.
- Waste
Hierarchy – Priority-based model for sustainable waste
handling.
- Biomedical
Waste – Hazardous waste generated by healthcare
facilities.
- E-Waste – Discarded electrical and electronic devices.
- Swachh
Bharat Mission – India’s national campaign for cleanliness and
waste management.
- Segregation
at Source – Sorting waste into categories at point of
generation.
- Extended
Producer Responsibility (EPR) – Policy
approach making producers responsible for post-use waste.
- Scientific
Landfilling – Engineered disposal method minimizing
environmental harm.
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