MEDS 042: Block-2 (Unit 02) – Waste Management

 UNIT 2: WASTE MANAGEMENT


2.1 Introduction

Waste management is a critical urban issue directly linked to environmental health, public hygiene, and sustainable urban development. Increasing urban population and changing consumption patterns have led to rising waste generation, making effective management a key urban governance challenge.


2.2 Waste Management: Concept and Elements

Waste Management refers to the systematic collection, transportation, processing, recycling, and disposal of waste materials.

Core Elements:

  • Generation – Origin of waste from domestic, commercial, or industrial sources.
  • Segregation – Separation of waste at source (organic, recyclable, hazardous, etc.).
  • Collection & Transport – Organized system for moving waste to treatment/disposal sites.
  • Treatment – Processes like composting, recycling, incineration, biomethanation.
  • Disposal – Final placement of residual waste, usually in landfills.

2.3 Types and Characteristics of Urban Waste

Urban waste varies in composition and source:

  • Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) – Household and commercial waste, including organic, paper, plastic, etc.
  • Biomedical Waste – Infectious and hazardous waste from healthcare facilities.
  • Electronic Waste (E-Waste) – Discarded electronics and components.
  • Industrial Waste – Chemicals, metals, and byproducts from manufacturing units.
  • Construction & Demolition Waste – Debris from buildings, roads, and infrastructure.

Key characteristics: Volume, biodegradability, toxicity, moisture content, and recycling potential.


2.4 The Waste Management Hierarchy and the 3R Concept

The Waste Management Hierarchy prioritizes actions to reduce environmental impact:

  1. Prevention – Avoiding waste generation.
  2. Minimization – Reducing waste quantity and toxicity.
  3. Reuse – Using items multiple times.
  4. Recycling – Converting waste into reusable materials.
  5. Recovery – Extracting energy or materials.
  6. Disposal – Least preferred, includes landfilling and incineration.

3R Principle: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – an approach to promote sustainable resource use.


2.5 Governmental Measures for Waste Management

India has implemented multiple policies and rules:

  • Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 – Mandates segregation at source, waste processing, scientific landfilling.
  • Plastic Waste Management Rules – Bans single-use plastics, promotes Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).
  • E-Waste Rules – Focus on recycling, recovery, and producer responsibility.
  • Swachh Bharat Mission – National campaign for clean cities and improved waste systems.
  • State/ULB Initiatives – Localized waste-to-energy, composting, and material recovery programs.

2.6 Role of Private Sector, NGOs and Community in Waste Management

A multi-stakeholder approach enhances waste governance:

  • Private Sector – Invests in technology, recycling, waste-to-energy, and logistics.
  • NGOs – Mobilize awareness, conduct door-to-door collection, and support informal workers.
  • Community Participation – Crucial for segregation, composting, and behavior change.
  • Informal Sector – Ragpickers and waste collectors play a vital role in recycling and recovery.

2.7 Deficiencies and Challenges in the SWM System in India

Despite reforms, major challenges persist:

  • Poor Segregation – Waste often mixed at source.
  • Inadequate Infrastructure – Lack of treatment plants, scientific landfills.
  • Low Public Awareness – Behavioral resistance to segregation or composting.
  • Unregulated Informal Sector – Exploitation and lack of safety measures.
  • Policy Enforcement – Gaps in monitoring and compliance by ULBs and industries.
  • Funding & Manpower – Budget constraints and insufficient trained personnel.

2.8 Let Us Sum Up

Effective waste management is essential for urban sustainability and health. While India has made progress through legal reforms and programs like Swachh Bharat Mission, success depends on improved infrastructure, public participation, and multi-level collaboration.


2.9 Keywords

  • Waste Management – Organized handling of waste from generation to disposal.
  • Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) – Urban waste from households, shops, and offices.
  • 3R Principle – Environmental approach of Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
  • Waste Hierarchy – Priority-based model for sustainable waste handling.
  • Biomedical Waste – Hazardous waste generated by healthcare facilities.
  • E-Waste – Discarded electrical and electronic devices.
  • Swachh Bharat Mission – India’s national campaign for cleanliness and waste management.
  • Segregation at Source – Sorting waste into categories at point of generation.
  • Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) – Policy approach making producers responsible for post-use waste.
  • Scientific Landfilling – Engineered disposal method minimizing environmental harm.

 

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