MEV 002: Block-3 (Unit 01) – Mining and construction hazards

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 UNIT 1: MINING AND CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS

1.0 Introduction

Mining and construction are among the most hazardous industries in the world. These sectors are labor-intensive and involve various processes that expose workers to physical, chemical, and biological hazards. The nature of work in these sectors—such as excavation, drilling, blasting, and heavy lifting—significantly increases the risk of accidents and occupational diseases.

In India, the mining and construction industries have seen rapid growth due to industrial development, urbanization, and infrastructure expansion. However, this growth comes with an urgent need to address occupational health and safety challenges. This unit explores the workforce involved, specific hazards, working conditions, health regulations, and the legislative framework governing safety in both sectors.

1.1 Objectives

After completing this unit, learners will be able to:

  • Understand the characteristics of the workforce in the mining and construction industries.
  • Describe the classification and working conditions in mines.
  • Identify common occupational hazards and diseases in these sectors.
  • Review applicable laws and health protection measures.
  • Recognize the importance of regulatory frameworks like the Mines Act and BOCW Act.

1.2 Workforce in Mining and Construction Industry

The workforce in mining and construction industries is largely unorganized, with a significant proportion of contract and migrant labor. Many workers are employed without formal training or adequate safety measures. These laborers face long working hours, low wages, and limited access to healthcare and social security benefits.

Key Features:

  • Predominantly male, with increasing female participation in construction
  • High proportion of informal employment
  • Physically demanding and risky tasks
  • Exposure to dust, noise, chemicals, and heavy machinery

1.3 Mining Industry in India

India is rich in mineral resources, making mining a vital economic activity. The mining sector contributes significantly to GDP and employment but is also fraught with safety and health risks.

1.3.1 Classification of Mines

Mines in India are classified into:

  • Coal mines (e.g., coal, lignite)
  • Metal mines (e.g., iron, copper, gold)
  • Non-metal mines (e.g., limestone, gypsum)
  • Oil and gas fields

1.3.2 Mine Products

Commonly mined materials include:

  • Coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, zinc
  • Precious stones
  • Industrial minerals (mica, limestone)

1.3.3 Working Conditions in Mining Industry

The mining environment involves:

  • Underground and open-cast operations
  • Limited ventilation and artificial lighting
  • Use of explosives and heavy equipment
  • Dusty, hot, and confined spaces

1.3.4 Occupational Health Hazards in Mining Industry

Miners are exposed to:

  • Respirable dust leading to lung diseases
  • Noise from drilling and machinery
  • Vibration from handheld tools
  • Explosive gases (methane, carbon monoxide)

1.3.5 Occupational Diseases Specific to Mining Industry

  • Pneumoconiosis (e.g., silicosis, coal workers’ pneumoconiosis)
  • Hearing loss
  • Chronic back pain and musculoskeletal disorders
  • Dermatitis from chemical exposure

1.3.6 Mining Safety and Health Laws, Regulations and Procedures

The government has implemented various regulations to ensure mining safety.

1.3.6.1 The Mines Act, 1952

  • Enforces health and safety measures in mines.
  • Mandates regular inspections, medical facilities, and appointment of safety officers.

1.3.6.2 The Mines Rules, 1955

  • Supplementary rules detailing safety training, protective equipment, and accident reporting.

1.3.7 The National Conferences on Safety and Health in Mines

These conferences:

  • Provide a platform to review safety performance.
  • Recommend reforms and policies.
  • Promote awareness on health and safety issues.

1.4 Construction Industry in India

India’s booming construction sector employs millions, contributing significantly to national development. However, it is also marked by hazardous work environments and poor regulatory compliance.

1.4.1 Occupational Health Hazards in Construction Industry

  • Falls from height
  • Crush injuries from heavy materials
  • Electric shocks
  • Exposure to cement dust, silica, welding fumes

1.4.2 Legislations Applicable for Construction Industry

The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 (BOCW Act) is the primary legislation for construction worker welfare.

1.4.3 The Building and Other Construction Workers’ (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996

This Act aims to:

  • Regulate employment conditions
  • Provide safety, health, and welfare measures
  • Establish welfare boards for construction workers

1.4.4 Medical Facilities Under the BOCW Rules

Provisions include:

  • First aid kits at worksites
  • Ambulance and transport arrangements
  • Nearby hospitals or clinics for emergency care

1.4.5 Periodicity of Medical Examination of Building Workers

  • Pre-employment health check-ups
  • Periodic medical exams based on exposure risks
  • Maintenance of health records

1.4.6 Protecting Good Health for Construction Workers

Measures to safeguard worker health:

  • Provision of clean drinking water and sanitation
  • Safe housing for migrant workers
  • Education on hygiene and first aid

1.4.7 Principles of Health Protection Among Construction Workers

  • Risk assessment and hazard control
  • Use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
  • Safety training and awareness
  • Health surveillance programs

1.5 Keywords

  • Occupational Hazard: Risk arising from work activities or environment.
  • Pneumoconiosis: Lung disease caused by inhalation of dust.
  • BOCW Act: Legislation protecting construction workers' welfare.
  • Mines Act, 1952: Indian law for safety in mining operations.
  • Silicosis: Occupational lung disease caused by inhaling silica dust.

1.6 Let Us Sum Up

Mining and construction sectors are vital to economic development but pose serious health and safety risks to their workforce. Hazards include respiratory problems, noise exposure, musculoskeletal injuries, and exposure to hazardous materials. The Indian government has established a legal framework through the Mines Act, BOCW Act, and other safety rules to address these issues.

Despite legislative measures, implementation remains a challenge due to lack of enforcement, informal labor practices, and limited health monitoring. Therefore, a strong commitment to occupational safety, training, health surveillance, and worker empowerment is crucial for ensuring long-term worker welfare in these high-risk industries.

 

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