MEV 011: Unit 09 - Major Biomes of The World

 UNIT 9 – MAJOR BIOMES OF THE WORLD


9.1 Introduction

The Earth is home to a diverse range of environments that support life in unique ways. These large natural ecosystems, defined by specific climatic conditions, vegetation, and animal life, are called biomes. Biomes are global-scale ecosystems and are classified based on temperature, rainfall, soil type, altitude, and the species that thrive in them. Understanding these biomes is crucial to appreciating biodiversity and environmental balance.


9.2 Objectives

After studying this unit, you will be able to:

·         Define and classify the major biomes of the world.

·         Differentiate between aquatic and terrestrial biomes.

·         Describe the key features, climate, flora, and fauna of each biome.

·         Understand the importance of preserving biome diversity.


9.3 Major Biomes of the World

Biomes can be broadly categorized into two main types:

·         Aquatic Biomes (water-based)

·         Terrestrial Biomes (land-based)

Each biome supports distinct life forms adapted to their specific environment. Climatic conditions like temperature, humidity, and precipitation patterns are the main drivers that shape these ecosystems.


9.4 Classification of Biomes


9.4.1 Aquatic Biomes

Aquatic biomes cover more than 70% of Earth’s surface and are divided into freshwater and marine ecosystems.

9.4.1.1 Freshwater Biomes

These include rivers, lakes, ponds, and wetlands. They contain low salt concentrations.

·         Climate: Varies with location; usually influenced by surrounding land.

·         Flora: Algae, water lilies, duckweed.

·         Fauna: Fish (trout, catfish), amphibians (frogs), insects, turtles.

·         Importance: Source of drinking water, supports agriculture, and rich in biodiversity.

9.4.1.2 Marine Biomes

These include oceans, seas, coral reefs, and estuaries.

·         Climate: More stable due to high water heat capacity.

·         Flora: Phytoplankton, kelp, seaweed.

·         Fauna: Dolphins, whales, sharks, octopus, coral species.

·         Zones: Intertidal, pelagic (open ocean), abyssal, and benthic zones.

·         Importance: Regulate climate, provide oxygen, and support global food chains.


9.4.2 Terrestrial Biomes

These are land-based ecosystems and are primarily determined by climate (temperature and precipitation).

9.4.2.1 Forest Biomes

Forest biomes are rich in biodiversity and are classified into:

·         Tropical Rainforests: Found near the equator (e.g., Amazon, Congo).

o    Hot, wet climate; evergreen trees.

o    Rich biodiversity (monkeys, parrots, jaguars).

·         Temperate Forests: Found in North America, Europe, Asia.

o    Four seasons, moderate rainfall.

o    Deciduous trees like oak, maple.

·         Boreal Forests (Taiga): Found in Canada, Russia.

o    Cold winters, coniferous trees (pine, spruce).

o    Animals: moose, lynx, wolves.

9.4.2.2 Grassland Biomes

These are dominated by grasses with few trees.

·         Tropical Grasslands (Savannas): Found in Africa, South America.

o    Warm temperature, seasonal rainfall.

o    Home to elephants, lions, zebras.

·         Temperate Grasslands (Prairies, Steppes):

o    Moderate rainfall, fertile soil.

o    Used for agriculture; home to bison, foxes.

9.4.2.3 Woodlands and Shrublands (Chaparral)

Found in Mediterranean regions (e.g., California, South Africa).

·         Climate: Hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.

·         Flora: Shrubs, small trees (olive, rosemary).

·         Fauna: Coyotes, lizards, insects.

9.4.2.4 Taiga (Boreal Forest)

Also considered a forest biome but often listed separately due to its unique conditions.

·         Climate: Long, cold winters and short, cool summers.

·         Flora: Coniferous trees, mosses.

·         Fauna: Bears, wolves, beavers.

9.4.2.5 Tundra

Located near the Arctic and Antarctic circles.

·         Climate: Extremely cold, low precipitation.

·         Flora: Lichens, mosses, dwarf shrubs.

·         Fauna: Arctic fox, caribou, snowy owl.

·         Soil: Permafrost (permanently frozen).

9.4.2.6 Desert

Deserts are characterized by low rainfall (less than 250 mm/year).

·         Types: Hot deserts (Sahara), Cold deserts (Gobi).

·         Flora: Cacti, succulents.

·         Fauna: Camels, snakes, scorpions.

·         Adaptations: Plants and animals show water conservation traits.


9.5 Let Us Sum Up

·         Biomes are large ecological zones that support life adapted to particular environmental conditions.

·         They are classified into aquatic (freshwater and marine) and terrestrial (forest, grassland, desert, tundra, etc.).

·         Each biome supports unique flora and fauna adapted to the climate, geography, and available resources.

·         Understanding and preserving biomes is essential for maintaining global biodiversity, ecological balance, and combating climate change.

Comments

Popular Posts

Jcert Class 8 Daffodil Chapter 1a: The Naive Friends Solutions

Jcert Class 8 भाषा मंजरी Chapter 3 मित्रता Solutions

Jcert Class 8 भाषा मंजरी Chapter 8 अमरूद का पेड Solutions