MEV 011: Unit 09 - Major Biomes of The World
UNIT 9 – MAJOR BIOMES OF THE WORLD
9.1 Introduction
The Earth is
home to a diverse range of environments that support life in unique ways. These
large natural ecosystems, defined by specific climatic conditions, vegetation,
and animal life, are called biomes. Biomes are global-scale ecosystems and are
classified based on temperature, rainfall, soil type, altitude, and the species
that thrive in them. Understanding these biomes is crucial to appreciating
biodiversity and environmental balance.
9.2 Objectives
After
studying this unit, you will be able to:
·
Define and classify the major biomes of the world.
·
Differentiate between aquatic and terrestrial biomes.
·
Describe the key features, climate, flora, and fauna of each
biome.
·
Understand the importance of preserving biome diversity.
9.3 Major Biomes of the World
Biomes can be
broadly categorized into two main types:
·
Aquatic Biomes (water-based)
·
Terrestrial Biomes (land-based)
Each biome
supports distinct life forms adapted to their specific environment. Climatic
conditions like temperature, humidity, and precipitation patterns are the main
drivers that shape these ecosystems.
9.4 Classification of Biomes
9.4.1 Aquatic Biomes
Aquatic
biomes cover more than 70% of Earth’s surface and are divided into freshwater
and marine
ecosystems.
9.4.1.1 Freshwater Biomes
These include
rivers, lakes, ponds, and wetlands. They contain low salt concentrations.
·
Climate: Varies with location; usually influenced by surrounding land.
·
Flora: Algae, water lilies, duckweed.
·
Fauna: Fish (trout, catfish), amphibians (frogs), insects, turtles.
·
Importance: Source of drinking water, supports agriculture, and rich in
biodiversity.
9.4.1.2 Marine Biomes
These include
oceans, seas, coral reefs, and estuaries.
·
Climate: More stable due to high water heat capacity.
·
Flora: Phytoplankton, kelp, seaweed.
·
Fauna: Dolphins, whales, sharks, octopus, coral species.
·
Zones: Intertidal, pelagic (open ocean), abyssal, and benthic zones.
·
Importance: Regulate climate, provide oxygen, and support global food
chains.
9.4.2 Terrestrial Biomes
These are
land-based ecosystems and are primarily determined by climate (temperature and
precipitation).
9.4.2.1 Forest Biomes
Forest biomes
are rich in biodiversity and are classified into:
·
Tropical Rainforests: Found near the equator (e.g., Amazon, Congo).
o Hot, wet
climate; evergreen trees.
o Rich
biodiversity (monkeys, parrots, jaguars).
·
Temperate Forests: Found in North America, Europe, Asia.
o Four seasons,
moderate rainfall.
o Deciduous
trees like oak, maple.
·
Boreal Forests (Taiga): Found in Canada, Russia.
o Cold winters,
coniferous trees (pine, spruce).
o Animals:
moose, lynx, wolves.
9.4.2.2 Grassland Biomes
These are
dominated by grasses with few trees.
·
Tropical Grasslands (Savannas): Found in
Africa, South America.
o Warm
temperature, seasonal rainfall.
o Home to
elephants, lions, zebras.
·
Temperate Grasslands (Prairies, Steppes):
o Moderate
rainfall, fertile soil.
o Used for
agriculture; home to bison, foxes.
9.4.2.3 Woodlands and Shrublands (Chaparral)
Found in
Mediterranean regions (e.g., California, South Africa).
·
Climate: Hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
·
Flora: Shrubs, small trees (olive, rosemary).
·
Fauna: Coyotes, lizards, insects.
9.4.2.4 Taiga (Boreal Forest)
Also
considered a forest biome but often listed separately due to its unique
conditions.
·
Climate: Long, cold winters and short, cool summers.
·
Flora: Coniferous trees, mosses.
·
Fauna: Bears, wolves, beavers.
9.4.2.5 Tundra
Located near
the Arctic and Antarctic circles.
·
Climate: Extremely cold, low precipitation.
·
Flora: Lichens, mosses, dwarf shrubs.
·
Fauna: Arctic fox, caribou, snowy owl.
·
Soil: Permafrost (permanently frozen).
9.4.2.6 Desert
Deserts are
characterized by low rainfall (less than 250 mm/year).
·
Types: Hot deserts (Sahara), Cold deserts (Gobi).
·
Flora: Cacti, succulents.
·
Fauna: Camels, snakes, scorpions.
·
Adaptations: Plants and animals show water conservation traits.
9.5 Let Us Sum Up
·
Biomes are large ecological zones that support life adapted to
particular environmental conditions.
·
They are classified into aquatic (freshwater and marine) and terrestrial
(forest, grassland, desert, tundra, etc.).
·
Each biome supports unique flora and fauna adapted to the climate, geography,
and available resources.
·
Understanding and preserving biomes is essential for maintaining global
biodiversity, ecological balance, and combating climate change.
Comments
Post a Comment