MEV 013: Unit 03 - Environmental Chemistry-III

UNIT 3: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY-III


3.0 Introduction

Environmental chemistry explores chemical phenomena in nature. This unit delves into aqueous chemistry, gas solubility, the carbonate system, speciation, heavy metals, radionuclides, hydrocarbons, fuels, and lubricants—key for understanding pollution and sustainability.


3.1 Objective

After completing this unit, you should be able to:

  • Understand solubility and its environmental significance.
  • Explain gas solubility and the carbonate buffering system.
  • Describe chemical speciation and its role.
  • Discuss environmental behavior of heavy metals and radionuclides.
  • Understand hydrocarbons, fuels, additives, and lubricants.

3.2 Solubility and Solubility Product

  • Solubility: Maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a solvent at a specific temperature.
  • Solubility Product (Ksp): Equilibrium constant for a sparingly soluble salt.

AB(s)A++B−Ksp=[A+][B−]AB (s) A^+ + B^- \quad K_{sp} = [A^+][B^-]AB(s)A++B−Ksp​=[A+][B−]

  • Environmental Relevance: Determines mobility of heavy metals in water. Precipitation/removal of ions depends on Ksp.

3.3 Solubility of Gases

  • Governed by Henry’s Law:

C=kPC = kPC=kP

Where CCC = gas concentration, PPP = partial pressure, kkk = Henry’s constant.

  • Temperature effect: Gas solubility decreases with rising temperature.
  • Environmental Impact: Oxygen solubility in water is crucial for aquatic life; affected by pollution and temperature.

3.4 Carbonate System

  • Key to buffering pH in natural waters:

CO2+H2OH2CO3HCO3−+H+CO32−+2H+CO_2 + H_2O H_2CO_3 HCO_3^- + H^+ CO_3^{2-} + 2H^+CO2​+H2​OH2​CO3​HCO3−​+H+CO32−​+2H+

  • Importance:
    • Regulates acidity of rainwater, oceans, lakes.
    • Ocean acidification due to increased CO₂ lowers pH, harming marine organisms.

3.5 Chemical Speciation

  • Definition: Distribution of an element among defined chemical species.
  • Forms: Free ions, complexes, precipitates, adsorbed species.
  • Why it matters:
    • Toxicity: Free ions often more toxic.
    • Mobility: Speciation affects transport and bioavailability.
    • Remediation: Effective cleanup depends on identifying species.

3.6 Chemistry of Heavy Metals

  • Common Heavy Metals: Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Cr.
  • Sources: Industry, mining, fossil fuel combustion, waste.
  • Toxicity:
    • Bioaccumulation and biomagnification.
    • Pb affects neurological development; Hg impairs brain and kidney function.
  • Speciation Example:
    • Chromium (III): relatively nontoxic.
    • Chromium (VI): highly toxic and carcinogenic.

3.7 Radionuclides

  • Definition: Radioactive isotopes emitting ionizing radiation.
  • Examples: Uranium-238, Radon-222, Cesium-137.
  • Sources: Nuclear waste, weapons testing, natural decay.
  • Environmental Concerns:
    • Long half-lives → persistent contamination.
    • Bioaccumulation in food chains.
    • Health effects: cancer, genetic damage.

3.8 Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

  • Saturated Hydrocarbons (alkanes):
    • Single bonds only. Example: methane (CH₄).
    • Less reactive.
  • Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:
    • Alkenes (double bonds), alkynes (triple bonds).
    • More chemically reactive.
  • Environmental Note:
    • Hydrocarbons from spills and emissions contribute to smog and health issues.

3.9 Chemistry of Fuels

3.9.1 Gasoline

  • Composition: Hydrocarbons (C₅–C₁₂ range).
  • Properties: High volatility, high energy content.
  • Octane rating: Indicates anti-knock performance.

3.9.2 Chemistry of Gasoline Fuel Additives

  • Purpose: Enhance combustion, reduce emissions.
  • Types:
    • Oxygenates (ethanol, MTBE) → complete combustion.
    • Detergents → prevent engine deposits.

3.9.3 Antiknock Agents

  • Prevent knocking due to premature fuel ignition.
  • Tetraethyl Lead (TEL): Formerly used, now banned due to toxicity.
  • Modern Alternatives: Aromatics, isooctane, ethanol.

3.10 Lubricants

  • Function: Reduce friction and wear, transfer heat, protect from corrosion.

3.10.1 Biogas

  • Source: Anaerobic digestion of organic waste.
  • Composition: ~60% methane, ~40% CO₂.
  • Eco-benefits:
    • Renewable.
    • Reduces landfill use and GHG emissions.

3.10.2 Classification of Lubricants

  • Based on state:
    • Solid (e.g., graphite).
    • Liquid (mineral oils, synthetic oils).
    • Semi-solid (greases).
  • Based on origin:
    • Mineral-based.
    • Synthetic.
    • Bio-lubricants.

3.10.3 Properties of Lubricants

  • Viscosity: Resistance to flow.
  • Thermal stability: Resistance to decomposition.
  • Pour point: Lowest temp at which it flows.
  • Flash point: Temp at which vapor ignites.

3.11 Let Us Sum Up

  • Solubility concepts help understand chemical transport in ecosystems.
  • Carbonate buffering regulates pH in water bodies.
  • Speciation is critical for understanding metal toxicity.
  • Heavy metals and radionuclides pose serious health and environmental threats.
  • Hydrocarbon classification and fuel chemistry are central to pollution studies.
  • Lubricants and biogas offer insights into sustainability and green technology.

3.12 Glossary

  • Ksp: Solubility product constant.
  • Henry’s Law: Gas solubility pressure.
  • Speciation: Distribution of element among chemical forms.
  • Octane number: Rating for fuel anti-knock quality.
  • Antiknock agent: Substance preventing premature ignition.
  • Biogas: Methane-rich gas from organic waste.
  • Viscosity: Measure of fluid's resistance to flow.

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