MEV 013: Unit 03 - Environmental Chemistry-III
UNIT 3:
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY-III
3.0 Introduction
Environmental
chemistry explores chemical phenomena in nature. This unit delves into aqueous
chemistry, gas solubility, the carbonate system, speciation, heavy metals,
radionuclides, hydrocarbons, fuels, and lubricants—key for understanding
pollution and sustainability.
3.1 Objective
After completing
this unit, you should be able to:
- Understand
solubility and its environmental significance.
- Explain gas
solubility and the carbonate buffering system.
- Describe
chemical speciation and its role.
- Discuss
environmental behavior of heavy metals and radionuclides.
- Understand
hydrocarbons, fuels, additives, and lubricants.
3.2 Solubility and Solubility Product
- Solubility: Maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a solvent at a specific
temperature.
- Solubility
Product (Ksp): Equilibrium constant for a sparingly soluble salt.
AB(s)⇌A++B−Ksp=[A+][B−]AB
(s) ⇌ A^+ + B^- \quad
K_{sp} = [A^+][B^-]AB(s)⇌A++B−Ksp=[A+][B−]
- Environmental
Relevance: Determines mobility of heavy metals in water.
Precipitation/removal of ions depends on Ksp.
3.3 Solubility of Gases
- Governed by Henry’s
Law:
C=kPC = kPC=kP
Where CCC = gas concentration, PPP = partial pressure, kkk = Henry’s
constant.
- Temperature
effect: Gas solubility decreases with rising temperature.
- Environmental
Impact: Oxygen solubility in water is crucial for aquatic
life; affected by pollution and temperature.
3.4 Carbonate System
- Key to buffering
pH in natural waters:
CO2+H2O⇌H2CO3⇌HCO3−+H+⇌CO32−+2H+CO_2 +
H_2O ⇌ H_2CO_3 ⇌ HCO_3^- + H^+ ⇌ CO_3^{2-} + 2H^+CO2+H2O⇌H2CO3⇌HCO3−+H+⇌CO32−+2H+
- Importance:
- Regulates
acidity of rainwater, oceans, lakes.
- Ocean
acidification due to increased CO₂ lowers pH, harming marine organisms.
3.5 Chemical Speciation
- Definition: Distribution of an element among defined chemical species.
- Forms: Free ions, complexes, precipitates, adsorbed species.
- Why it
matters:
- Toxicity:
Free ions often more toxic.
- Mobility:
Speciation affects transport and bioavailability.
- Remediation:
Effective cleanup depends on identifying species.
3.6 Chemistry of Heavy Metals
- Common Heavy
Metals: Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Cr.
- Sources: Industry, mining, fossil fuel combustion, waste.
- Toxicity:
- Bioaccumulation
and biomagnification.
- Pb affects
neurological development; Hg impairs brain and kidney function.
- Speciation
Example:
- Chromium
(III): relatively nontoxic.
- Chromium
(VI): highly toxic and carcinogenic.
3.7 Radionuclides
- Definition: Radioactive isotopes emitting ionizing radiation.
- Examples: Uranium-238, Radon-222, Cesium-137.
- Sources: Nuclear waste, weapons testing, natural decay.
- Environmental
Concerns:
- Long
half-lives → persistent contamination.
- Bioaccumulation
in food chains.
- Health
effects: cancer, genetic damage.
3.8 Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
- Saturated
Hydrocarbons (alkanes):
- Single
bonds only. Example: methane (CH₄).
- Less
reactive.
- Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons:
- Alkenes
(double bonds), alkynes (triple bonds).
- More
chemically reactive.
- Environmental
Note:
- Hydrocarbons
from spills and emissions contribute to smog and health issues.
3.9 Chemistry of Fuels
3.9.1 Gasoline
- Composition: Hydrocarbons (C₅–C₁₂ range).
- Properties: High volatility, high energy content.
- Octane
rating: Indicates anti-knock performance.
3.9.2 Chemistry of Gasoline Fuel Additives
- Purpose: Enhance combustion, reduce emissions.
- Types:
- Oxygenates
(ethanol, MTBE) → complete combustion.
- Detergents
→ prevent engine deposits.
3.9.3 Antiknock Agents
- Prevent knocking
due to premature fuel ignition.
- Tetraethyl Lead (TEL): Formerly used, now
banned due to toxicity.
- Modern Alternatives: Aromatics,
isooctane, ethanol.
3.10 Lubricants
- Function: Reduce friction and wear, transfer heat, protect from corrosion.
3.10.1 Biogas
- Source: Anaerobic digestion of organic waste.
- Composition: ~60% methane, ~40% CO₂.
- Eco-benefits:
- Renewable.
- Reduces
landfill use and GHG emissions.
3.10.2 Classification of Lubricants
- Based on state:
- Solid
(e.g., graphite).
- Liquid
(mineral oils, synthetic oils).
- Semi-solid
(greases).
- Based on origin:
- Mineral-based.
- Synthetic.
- Bio-lubricants.
3.10.3 Properties of Lubricants
- Viscosity: Resistance to flow.
- Thermal stability: Resistance to decomposition.
- Pour point: Lowest temp at which it flows.
- Flash point: Temp at which vapor ignites.
3.11 Let Us Sum Up
- Solubility
concepts help understand chemical transport in ecosystems.
- Carbonate
buffering regulates pH in water bodies.
- Speciation
is critical for understanding metal toxicity.
- Heavy metals
and radionuclides pose serious health and environmental threats.
- Hydrocarbon
classification and fuel chemistry are central to pollution studies.
- Lubricants
and biogas offer insights into sustainability and green technology.
3.12 Glossary
- Ksp: Solubility product constant.
- Henry’s Law: Gas solubility ∝ pressure.
- Speciation: Distribution of element among chemical forms.
- Octane number: Rating for fuel anti-knock quality.
- Antiknock agent: Substance preventing premature ignition.
- Biogas: Methane-rich gas from organic waste.
- Viscosity: Measure of fluid's resistance to flow.
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