MEV 013: Unit 15 - Radiochemical Techniques

UNIT 15: RADIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES


15.1 Introduction

Radiochemical techniques involve the use of radioactive substances and radiation detection methods for scientific analysis. These techniques are crucial in fields like environmental monitoring, nuclear chemistry, medicine, and archaeology for tasks such as pollutant tracing, carbon dating, and radioactive labeling.


15.1.1 Learning Outcomes

After completing this unit, learners will be able to:

  • Understand the fundamentals of radioactivity and isotope behavior.
  • Explain the working of radiation detection instruments.
  • Describe various radiochemical methods such as tracer techniques and isotope dilution.
  • Identify practical applications in environmental monitoring.

15.2 Basics of Radiochemical Techniques

Radiochemical techniques involve the use of radioactive isotopes for quantitative and qualitative analysis. They are based on detecting and measuring radiation emitted by unstable nuclei.


15.2.1 Key Concepts

  • Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
  • Radioactive Decay: Spontaneous breakdown of unstable nuclei, emitting radiation.
  • Units of Radioactivity:
    • Becquerel (Bq) – SI unit (1 disintegration/sec)
    • Curie (Ci) – Traditional unit (1 Ci = 3.7 × 10¹⁰ Bq)
  • Half-Life: Time taken for half of a radioactive substance to decay.
  • Carbon Dating: Technique for estimating the age of organic material using Carbon-14 isotope.

15.3 Radioactive Labeling

Radioactive isotopes are used to label compounds, allowing researchers to track their movement, transformation, or interaction in environmental or biological systems.

Applications:

  • Tracing nutrient cycles
  • Studying pollutant transport
  • Drug metabolism in pharmaceuticals

15.4 Tracer Technique

In this method, a radioactive isotope (tracer) is introduced into a system to trace the pathway of a substance. It helps analyze:

  • Groundwater movement
  • Atmospheric circulation
  • Metabolic pathways

15.5 Isotope Dilution

This quantitative technique involves adding a known amount of radioactive isotope to a sample. After mixing, the concentration of the substance is calculated based on isotope dilution.

Used in:

  • Water and soil analysis
  • Determining trace metal concentrations
  • Industrial process tracking

15.6 Measurement of Radiation

Radiation emitted from radioactive substances is measured using specialized detection instruments.


15.7.1 Geiger-Müller (GM) Counter

  • Detects alpha, beta, and gamma radiation
  • Click-based output with readouts
  • Common for surveying radiation levels

15.7.2 Scintillation Counter

  • Uses scintillators that emit light when radiation is absorbed
  • Light is converted to electric signals for counting
  • High sensitivity for low-level radiation

15.7.3 Gamma Counter

  • Specifically designed to detect gamma radiation
  • Used in radioimmunoassays and environmental testing

15.7.4 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)

  • Involves bombarding samples with neutrons
  • The resulting radioactive isotopes are measured to determine element concentrations
  • Highly sensitive for trace element detection in air, water, and soil

15.8 Application of Radiochemical Techniques in Environmental Monitoring

Radiochemical methods help in:

  • Tracing pollutants in ecosystems
  • Dating geological and archaeological samples
  • Monitoring nuclear waste contamination
  • Studying radioactive fallout
  • Analyzing biogeochemical cycles

These techniques are particularly useful for non-destructive testing, long-term environmental studies, and global monitoring of radionuclides.


15.9 Summary

This unit covered:

  • The principles and types of radioactive decay
  • Various radiochemical methods such as tracer techniques and isotope dilution
  • Radiation detection tools including GM counters and scintillation counters
  • Real-world applications of these techniques in environmental chemistry

15.10 Glossary

  • Isotope-Atom with same atomic number but different number of neutrons
  • Radioactivity-Spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable atomic nuclei
  • Half-life-Time required for half of a radioactive isotope to decay
  • Carbon Dating-Technique to determine the age of organic material using C-14 isotope
  • Tracer Technique-Use of radioactive isotope to track movement or reactions of substances
  • Isotope Dilution-Analytical method using radioisotope addition to calculate unknown concentrations
  • GM Counter-Device that detects ionizing radiation through gas ionization
  • Scintillation Counter-Detector using light pulses from scintillators to measure radiation
  • Gamma Counter-Specialized instrument for detecting gamma radiation
  • Neutron Activation Analysis-Method of detecting elements via induced radioactivity from neutron bombardment
  • Radiochemical Labeling-Process of tagging a compound with a radioactive isotope

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