MEV 013: Unit 15 - Radiochemical Techniques
UNIT 15:
RADIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
15.1 Introduction
Radiochemical
techniques involve the use of radioactive substances and radiation
detection methods for scientific analysis. These techniques are crucial in
fields like environmental monitoring, nuclear chemistry, medicine,
and archaeology for tasks such as pollutant tracing, carbon
dating, and radioactive labeling.
15.1.1 Learning Outcomes
After completing
this unit, learners will be able to:
- Understand
the fundamentals of radioactivity and isotope behavior.
- Explain the
working of radiation detection instruments.
- Describe
various radiochemical methods such as tracer techniques and isotope
dilution.
- Identify
practical applications in environmental monitoring.
15.2 Basics of Radiochemical Techniques
Radiochemical
techniques involve the use of radioactive isotopes for quantitative
and qualitative analysis. They are based on detecting and measuring
radiation emitted by unstable nuclei.
15.2.1 Key Concepts
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
- Radioactive
Decay: Spontaneous breakdown of unstable nuclei, emitting
radiation.
- Units of
Radioactivity:
- Becquerel
(Bq) – SI unit (1 disintegration/sec)
- Curie (Ci) – Traditional unit (1 Ci = 3.7 × 10¹⁰ Bq)
- Half-Life: Time taken for half of a radioactive substance to decay.
- Carbon
Dating: Technique for estimating the age of organic
material using Carbon-14 isotope.
15.3 Radioactive Labeling
Radioactive
isotopes are used to label compounds, allowing researchers to track
their movement, transformation, or interaction in environmental or
biological systems.
Applications:
- Tracing
nutrient cycles
- Studying
pollutant transport
- Drug
metabolism in pharmaceuticals
15.4 Tracer Technique
In this method, a
radioactive isotope (tracer) is introduced into a system to trace the
pathway of a substance. It helps analyze:
- Groundwater
movement
- Atmospheric
circulation
- Metabolic
pathways
15.5 Isotope Dilution
This quantitative
technique involves adding a known amount of radioactive isotope to a
sample. After mixing, the concentration of the substance is calculated based on
isotope dilution.
Used in:
- Water and
soil analysis
- Determining
trace metal concentrations
- Industrial
process tracking
15.6 Measurement of Radiation
Radiation emitted
from radioactive substances is measured using specialized detection
instruments.
15.7.1 Geiger-Müller (GM) Counter
- Detects alpha,
beta, and gamma radiation
- Click-based
output with readouts
- Common for surveying
radiation levels
15.7.2 Scintillation Counter
- Uses scintillators
that emit light when radiation is absorbed
- Light is
converted to electric signals for counting
- High
sensitivity for low-level radiation
15.7.3 Gamma Counter
- Specifically
designed to detect gamma radiation
- Used in radioimmunoassays
and environmental testing
15.7.4 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)
- Involves
bombarding samples with neutrons
- The
resulting radioactive isotopes are measured to determine element
concentrations
- Highly
sensitive for trace element detection in air, water,
and soil
15.8 Application of Radiochemical Techniques in Environmental Monitoring
Radiochemical
methods help in:
- Tracing pollutants in ecosystems
- Dating geological and archaeological samples
- Monitoring nuclear waste contamination
- Studying radioactive fallout
- Analyzing biogeochemical cycles
These techniques
are particularly useful for non-destructive testing, long-term
environmental studies, and global monitoring of radionuclides.
15.9 Summary
This unit
covered:
- The
principles and types of radioactive decay
- Various radiochemical
methods such as tracer techniques and isotope dilution
- Radiation
detection tools including GM counters and scintillation counters
- Real-world
applications of these techniques in environmental chemistry
15.10 Glossary
- Isotope-Atom with same atomic
number but different number of neutrons
- Radioactivity-Spontaneous emission of
radiation from unstable atomic nuclei
- Half-life-Time required for half
of a radioactive isotope to decay
- Carbon Dating-Technique to determine
the age of organic material using C-14 isotope
- Tracer Technique-Use of radioactive
isotope to track movement or reactions of substances
- Isotope Dilution-Analytical method using
radioisotope addition to calculate unknown concentrations
- GM Counter-Device that detects
ionizing radiation through gas ionization
- Scintillation Counter-Detector using light
pulses from scintillators to measure radiation
- Gamma Counter-Specialized instrument
for detecting gamma radiation
- Neutron Activation Analysis-Method of detecting
elements via induced radioactivity from neutron bombardment
- Radiochemical Labeling-Process of tagging a compound with a radioactive isotope
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