MEV 015: Unit 11 - Noise Pollution and Its Control

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Unit 11: Noise Pollution and Its Control

11.1 Introduction

Noise pollution is the presence of unwanted or harmful sound in the environment that interferes with normal activities and can harm human health and well-being. As cities grow and industrial activities increase, noise has become a common and serious environmental issue. This unit helps us understand what noise is, how it is measured, its sources and effects, and the ways to control it.

11.2 Objectives

The main aims of this unit are to:

·         Explain the concept of noise and how it differs from normal sound

·         Understand how noise is measured, including its units and instruments

·         Identify different natural and human-made sources of noise

·         Learn the health impacts of noise pollution

·         Discuss national noise standards and methods to control noise pollution

·         Explore case studies showing real-life examples of noise issues

11.3 The Concept of Noise

Noise is defined as any unpleasant, unwanted, or disturbing sound. It is considered pollution when it interferes with daily life, sleep, communication, or causes health issues. Unlike normal sounds (like music or a conversation), noise is often loud, irregular, and annoying.

11.4 Measurement of Noise

To study and control noise pollution, it is important to measure it accurately.

Units and Levels of Sound

Sound is measured in decibels (dB). The decibel scale is logarithmic, meaning a small increase in dB represents a large increase in sound energy. For example, a sound of 70 dB is ten times more intense than 60 dB.

Typical sound levels:

·         Whisper: 30 dB

·         Normal conversation: 60 dB

·         Traffic noise: 80–90 dB

·         Jet engine: 120 dB

Instruments for Noise Measurement

Noise is measured using a Sound Level Meter (SLM), which shows the sound intensity in decibels. Dosimeters are worn by workers to record noise exposure over time.

Duration of Noise Measurement

Noise is not only about how loud it is, but also how long it lasts. Continuous exposure to moderate noise or even short-term exposure to very loud sounds can be harmful. Measurements are often taken over 8 hours (workday) or 24 hours (daily average) to understand the full impact.

11.5 Sources of Noise Pollution

Natural Sources

These include:

·         Thunderstorms

·         Earthquakes

·         Windstorms

·         Animal calls
Though these sounds may be loud, they are usually temporary.

Anthropogenic (Human-made) Sources

Most noise pollution comes from human activities:

·         Transportation (vehicles, trains, aircraft)

·         Construction sites and factories

·         Loudspeakers, music systems, and public events

·         Household appliances and urban crowding

11.6 Guidelines and Standards of Noise Pollution

In India, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has set noise standards for different zones:

·         Residential areas: 55 dB (day), 45 dB (night)

·         Commercial areas: 65 dB (day), 55 dB (night)

·         Industrial areas: 75 dB (day), 70 dB (night)

·         Silent zones (hospitals, schools): 50 dB (day), 40 dB (night)

Violating these limits can lead to penalties.

11.7 Impacts of Noise Pollution

Auditory Problems

These affect our hearing ability:

·         Temporary or permanent hearing loss

·         Tinnitus (ringing sound in ears)

·         Ear pain or pressure

Non-Auditory Problems

Noise also affects general health and well-being:

·         Stress and anxiety

·         Sleep disturbances

·         High blood pressure and heart problems

·         Poor concentration and reduced work performance

·         Behavioral issues in children and learning difficulties

11.8 Control of Noise Pollution

Noise Control at the Source

·         Using quieter machines and vehicles

·         Maintenance of engines and equipment

·         Banning use of pressure horns, loudspeakers in public areas

Noise Control in Transmission Path

·         Planting trees and creating green barriers

·         Soundproofing walls and buildings

·         Constructing noise barriers on highways or near airports

Noise Control at the Receptor Level

·         Wearing earplugs or earmuffs in noisy workplaces

·         Designing buildings with sound-absorbing materials

·         Locating hospitals and schools away from busy roads or factories

11.9 Case Studies

In many cities, noise complaints have increased due to urban growth. For example:

·         In Mumbai, festivals often cause high night-time noise levels beyond legal limits.

·         Delhi has faced court orders banning loudspeakers after 10 PM due to rising health concerns.
These cases show the need for awareness, community action, and strict enforcement of laws.

11.10 Let Us Sum Up

Noise pollution is a growing environmental problem caused mostly by human activities. It can lead to hearing damage, stress, and other health problems. It is important to measure noise, follow legal standards, and apply control methods at all stages—source, path, and receiver. With proper planning and awareness, noise pollution can be reduced, creating a healthier and quieter environment.

 

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