MEV 015: Unit 12 - Control of Radioactive and Nuclear Pollution

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Unit 12: Control of Radioactive and Nuclear Pollution

12.1 Introduction

Radioactive and nuclear pollution occurs when radioactive substances are released into the environment due to human activities such as nuclear power generation, testing of nuclear weapons, medical procedures, and accidents. These radiations are invisible but highly dangerous. Exposure can lead to serious health issues like cancer, birth defects, and genetic mutations. This unit focuses on how to safely manage, control, and prevent radioactive pollution.

12.2 Objectives

The main goals of this unit are:

·         To understand how radioactive waste is safely disposed of

·         To learn about safety measures at nuclear power plants

·         To explore individual and community-level steps for radiation protection

·         To study the operation of nuclear reactors and how safety is ensured

·         To understand various techniques used to control radiation exposure

12.3 Disposal of Radioactive Waste

Radioactive waste must be handled with great care to prevent environmental contamination. It is categorized into low-level, intermediate-level, and high-level waste depending on its radioactivity. Methods of disposal include:

·         Dilution and dispersion: Low-level radioactive waste is diluted and released into the environment under strict limits.

·         Deep burial: High-level waste is sealed in containers and buried deep underground in specially chosen geological locations.

·         Storage in water pools or dry casks: Spent nuclear fuel is stored in water tanks or dry containers for cooling and shielding.

·         Shielded transport containers: Waste is transported safely using leak-proof, radiation-shielded containers.

12.4 Control of X-ray Radiation

X-rays are widely used in medical imaging and diagnosis but can be harmful if overexposed. Control measures include:

·         Using protective lead aprons and shields during X-ray procedures

·         Limiting exposure time and maintaining a safe distance

·         Regular maintenance and inspection of X-ray machines

·         Monitoring exposure with dosimeters for workers in X-ray departments

12.5 Safety Measures at Nuclear Power Plants

Nuclear power plants have strict safety systems in place to avoid radiation leaks. These include:

·         Multiple barriers to prevent radiation from escaping

·         Containment structures made of thick concrete and steel

·         Automatic shutdown systems during emergencies

·         Regular safety drills and training for staff

·         Cooling systems to prevent overheating of the reactor

12.6 Individual Preventive Measures

People working near or with radioactive materials must follow personal safety measures:

·         Wearing protective gear such as lead aprons, gloves, and radiation badges

·         Avoiding direct contact with radioactive substances

·         Keeping a safe distance from radiation sources

·         Limiting time of exposure to radioactive areas

·         Undergoing regular health check-ups

12.7 Control of Radiation Pollution

Radiation pollution can be controlled through various technical and administrative steps:

·         Strict regulation and licensing of nuclear facilities

·         Proper waste disposal systems and secure storage facilities

·         Monitoring radiation levels in the environment and near facilities

·         Using warning signs and restricted access in radiation zones

·         Public awareness and emergency preparedness plans

12.8 Nuclear Reactor Operation

A nuclear reactor is a device used to produce energy through nuclear fission. Safety in its operation is ensured through:

·         Controlled chain reactions using control rods

·         Proper cooling systems to remove heat from the core

·         Monitoring pressure, temperature, and radiation levels at all times

·         Following international safety standards and protocols

12.9 Control and Safety

Controlling radioactive pollution requires a multi-level safety approach. Governments, organizations, and individuals must work together to ensure:

·         Strong legal frameworks for handling nuclear materials

·         Regular inspection and audits of nuclear facilities

·         Training and preparedness of emergency response teams

·         Safe design and maintenance of nuclear reactors and storage sites

·         Use of radiation detectors in hospitals, labs, and power plants

12.10 Let Us Sum Up

Radioactive and nuclear pollution is highly dangerous and needs careful management. Proper disposal of radioactive waste, safety measures at power plants, control of medical radiation (like X-rays), and strict monitoring are necessary to prevent harm. Both technical systems and human responsibility play a key role in keeping radiation under control and ensuring the safety of people and the environment.

  

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