MEV 015: Unit 13 - Waste Generation and Disposal

Unit 13: Waste Generation and Disposal

13.1 Introduction

Waste is any unwanted or unusable material that is discarded after its use. With increasing population, urbanization, and industrialization, waste generation has become a major environmental issue. If not managed properly, waste can pollute the environment, harm health, and affect ecosystems. This unit helps us understand the different types of waste, their sources, and how they are managed or disposed of safely.


13.2 Objectives

The main aims of this unit are:

·         To understand the meaning of waste and where it comes from

·         To learn about the types and categories of waste

·         To know the difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste

·         To study the chemical nature of solid waste

·         To explore different methods of waste management and disposal


13.3 Waste: Sources and Categories of Waste

Waste comes from many sources such as:

·         Households: kitchen waste, packaging, plastic, paper, etc.

·         Industries: chemicals, metals, factory scraps

·         Agriculture: crop leftovers, manure, pesticides

·         Hospitals: medical waste like used bandages, syringes

·         Commercial places: shops, offices, restaurants

Wastes are generally categorized as:

·         Solid waste (plastic, metal, glass, etc.)

·         Liquid waste (dirty water, chemicals)

·         Gaseous waste (smoke, industrial gas)

·         Hazardous waste (toxic, flammable, or harmful substances)


13.4 Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Wastes

Waste can also be divided based on how easily it breaks down in nature:

·         Biodegradable waste: These are natural materials like food scraps, leaves, and paper that decompose easily by the action of bacteria and other organisms.

·         Non-biodegradable waste: These are materials like plastic, glass, and metal that do not decompose easily and remain in the environment for many years, causing pollution.


13.5 Solid Wastes and Their Classification

Solid waste refers to garbage or refuse in solid form. It can be further classified into:

·         Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): Waste from homes, markets, and public places

·         Industrial Waste: Leftover materials from factories

·         Biomedical Waste: Waste from hospitals and clinics

·         Hazardous Waste: Dangerous materials from industries or laboratories

·         Electronic Waste (E-waste): Old computers, phones, and electrical items


13.6 Chemical Composition of Solid Wastes

The chemical makeup of solid waste depends on its source. It may contain:

·         Organic matter (from food, plants)

·         Inorganic materials (like metals, glass, stones)

·         Moisture content, carbon, nitrogen, and toxic substances
Understanding the chemical composition helps in choosing the right method for waste treatment and recycling.


13.7 Methods of Disposal and Management of Solid Wastes

Proper disposal of waste is necessary to protect the environment and public health. The main methods are:

·         Landfilling: Waste is dumped in specially designed areas called landfills. It is one of the most common methods but can cause land and groundwater pollution.

·         Composting: Biodegradable waste is allowed to decay naturally and is converted into manure.

·         Incineration: Burning of waste at high temperatures. It reduces the volume of waste but may release harmful gases.

·         Recycling: Reusing materials like paper, plastic, and metal helps reduce waste and conserve resources.

·         Waste-to-energy: Some waste is used to produce energy like electricity or heat.

·         Segregation at source: Waste is separated at homes or workplaces into dry and wet categories to make recycling and disposal easier.


13.8 Let Us Sum Up

Waste is a growing environmental problem, and understanding its types, sources, and proper disposal methods is essential. Waste can be biodegradable or non-biodegradable and comes from many places like homes, industries, and hospitals. Proper waste management—through composting, recycling, landfilling, and incineration—can help protect the environment and human health. Everyone must take responsibility for reducing and managing waste wisely.

 

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