MEV 019: Unit 06 - Geospatial Tools

 UNIT 6: GEOSPATIAL TOOLS


6.1 Introduction

Geospatial tools play a transformative role in modern environmental science. These tools involve technologies that collect, analyze, and interpret spatial data to better understand and manage the Earth's surface and its dynamic changes. Whether it's tracking deforestation, assessing flood risk, or mapping biodiversity, geospatial technologies like Remote Sensing, GIS, and GNSS provide critical insights for research and policy-making.


6.2 Objectives

After studying this unit, learners will be able to:

  • Understand the basic principles and components of geospatial tools.
  • Differentiate among Remote Sensing, GIS, and GNSS technologies.
  • Explore the various environmental applications of geospatial technologies.
  • Identify sources and types of geospatial data.
  • Recognize the importance of geospatial analysis in climate and ecosystem studies.

6.3 Basic Concepts

6.3.1 Remote Sensing

Remote Sensing (RS) is the science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites. It involves capturing electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from the Earth's surface.

Key Features:

  • Sensors can be active (RADAR, LiDAR) or passive (optical, thermal).
  • Data is collected in various spectral bands (visible, infrared, microwave).
  • Applications include vegetation analysis, land use mapping, and disaster monitoring.

6.3.2 Geographic Information System (GIS)

GIS is a computer-based system used to capture, store, analyze, manage, and visualize spatial or geographic data.

Components of GIS:

  • Hardware: Computers, GPS units, servers.
  • Software: Tools like ArcGIS, QGIS.
  • Data: Spatial (maps, shapefiles) and attribute data (tabular).
  • People and Procedures: Analysts, scientists, workflows.

Functions:

  • Overlay analysis
  • Spatial queries
  • Buffering
  • Network and terrain analysis

6.3.3 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

GNSS refers to satellite systems that provide geolocation and time information anywhere on Earth. GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), and NavIC (India) are key GNSS systems.

Applications in Environmental Science:

  • Field data collection
  • Real-time tracking of environmental phenomena
  • Precision mapping of habitats, pollution sources, or disaster zones

6.4 Applications of Geospatial Technologies

6.4.1 Natural Resources Management

Geospatial tools help monitor and manage forests, water bodies, minerals, and agricultural lands.

Examples:

  • Forest cover change detection
  • Watershed delineation and water quality assessment
  • Land degradation and soil erosion mapping

6.4.2 Mapping and Monitoring Urban Environment

Urbanization can be tracked and assessed using satellite imagery and GIS.

Key Applications:

  • Land use and land cover (LULC) mapping
  • Urban sprawl analysis
  • Infrastructure planning and zoning
  • Pollution hotspot detection (air, water, noise)

6.4.3 Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems Related Studies

Geospatial tools support biodiversity conservation and ecosystem health assessments.

Examples:

  • Wildlife habitat mapping and corridor design
  • Wetland inventory and monitoring
  • Coral reef and mangrove monitoring

6.4.4 Climate Related Studies

Climate models and environmental indicators are often spatially analyzed using GIS and RS.

Key Uses:

  • Temperature and precipitation mapping
  • Drought and flood modeling
  • Sea level rise impact analysis
  • Climate vulnerability and risk mapping

6.5 Geospatial Data and their Sources

Geospatial data can be derived from various primary and secondary sources.

Types of Data:

  • Raster data: Pixel-based (e.g., satellite images, aerial photographs)
  • Vector data: Point, line, and polygon features (e.g., rivers, roads, administrative boundaries)

Sources:

  • Remote Sensing Satellites: Landsat, Sentinel, IRS, MODIS
  • Survey and Field Instruments: GNSS/GPS devices
  • Public Data Repositories: Bhuvan (ISRO), USGS EarthExplorer, Copernicus Open Access Hub
  • Crowdsourced Platforms: OpenStreetMap, citizen science apps

6.6 Let Us Sum Up

Geospatial tools have become indispensable in environmental research and management. Remote sensing allows for large-scale observation, GIS provides analytical capabilities, and GNSS ensures spatial accuracy in field data. Together, they support applications ranging from resource management to urban planning and climate resilience.


6.7 Key Words

  • Remote Sensing (RS): Technique for observing Earth from a distance.
  • Geographic Information System (GIS): System for managing spatial data and performing geographic analyses.
  • Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS): Satellite systems used for positioning and navigation.
  • Raster Data: Grid-based data, typically from images or scans.
  • Vector Data: Geographic data represented as points, lines, and polygons.
  • Overlay Analysis: GIS technique to analyze spatial relationships by layering datasets.
  • LULC: Land Use and Land Cover.

 

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