MEV 024: Unit 15 – Geoinformatics for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction

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 UNIT 15: GEOINFORMATICS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

15.1 Introduction

Climate change and natural disasters are pressing global challenges that threaten human well-being, biodiversity, and sustainable development. Geoinformatics—integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and spatial data—offers powerful tools to monitor, assess, and reduce climate and disaster-related risks. This unit explores the application of geoinformatics in climate change adaptation (CCA), disaster risk reduction (DRR), and their integration into national development planning.

15.2 Objectives

  • To understand how geoinformatics supports climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction.
  • To examine national development policies that incorporate geospatial technologies.
  • To explore the design and functioning of early warning systems (EWS).
  • To learn the role of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) in effective disaster management and climate resilience.

15.3 Climate Change Adaptation

Climate change adaptation refers to adjustments in natural or human systems to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities arising from climate change. Geoinformatics helps:

  • Identify vulnerable populations and regions.
  • Model climate scenarios using remote sensing data.
  • Monitor long-term environmental changes (e.g., sea-level rise, droughts).
  • Develop adaptation strategies for agriculture, water resources, and infrastructure.

15.4 Disaster Risk Reduction

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) involves minimizing vulnerabilities and disaster risks through systematic efforts. Geoinformatics supports DRR by:

  • Hazard mapping (earthquakes, floods, cyclones, etc.).
  • Exposure and vulnerability analysis using spatial data.
  • Simulation models for risk assessment.
  • Decision support systems for emergency response.

15.5 National Development Policy

In India and globally, national development plans increasingly integrate geoinformatics tools to address environmental concerns. Key initiatives include:

  • National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC),
  • National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP),
  • Smart Cities Mission and AMRUT,
  • National GIS Vision under the Department of Science and Technology.

15.6 Integration of Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in Development Plans

Effective climate resilience requires aligning CCA and DRR within development strategies. Geoinformatics facilitates:

  • Multi-hazard risk assessments for infrastructure planning,
  • Land use and zoning based on climate sensitivity,
  • Resource allocation for climate-resilient agriculture and urban development,
  • Mainstreaming CCA and DRR in sectoral policies.

15.7 Role of Satellite Systems in Disaster Management

Satellites offer rapid and repeated coverage of the Earth's surface, crucial for disaster preparedness and response. Applications include:

  • Cyclone and flood monitoring (e.g., INSAT, Sentinel, NOAA satellites),
  • Earthquake and landslide zone mapping using radar and optical data,
  • Post-disaster damage assessment and rehabilitation planning,
  • Real-time data for emergency responders.

15.8 Risk Management and Early Warning Systems (EWS)

15.8.1 Risk

Risk is defined as the product of hazard, vulnerability, and exposure. It indicates the potential for adverse impacts from a disaster.

15.8.2 Risk Assessment

Risk assessment involves the identification and evaluation of potential hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities. Geoinformatics provides:

  • Spatial analysis of hazard-prone zones,
  • Vulnerability mapping of populations, infrastructure, and resources,
  • Prioritization of mitigation measures.

15.8.3 Concept and Principles of Early Warning Systems (EWS)

Early Warning Systems are designed to alert populations and authorities before a disaster strikes. Key principles include:

  • Timeliness and accuracy of warnings,
  • Communication to all stakeholders, especially vulnerable communities,
  • Integration with preparedness and response plans.

15.8.4 Technical Requirements for EWS

  • Real-time data acquisition via satellites and ground sensors,
  • Automated data processing and risk modeling,
  • Multi-channel dissemination (SMS, sirens, apps, TV, etc.),
  • Institutional coordination and contingency planning.

15.8.5 Information Communication Tools for EWS

  • Satellite phones, SMS alerts, mobile apps,
  • Social media platforms for mass outreach,
  • Community radio and local networks,
  • GIS dashboards and decision-support platforms.

15.8.6 Use of GIS and Remote Sensing in Support of EWS

GIS and remote sensing enhance EWS by:

  • Hazard detection (e.g., rainfall-induced landslides),
  • Real-time monitoring (e.g., river water levels),
  • Scenario modeling and mapping evacuation routes,
  • Spatial decision support systems for disaster managers.

15.9 Geoprocessing Tools – Spatial Information System

Geoprocessing tools enable the manipulation and analysis of spatial data. In disaster and climate contexts, these tools:

  • Support overlay analysis for multi-risk mapping,
  • Generate buffer zones and impact footprints,
  • Conduct suitability analysis for relief logistics,
  • Automate disaster alerts through spatial queries.

15.10 Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)

SDI is a framework of technologies, policies, and institutional arrangements to facilitate access, sharing, and use of geospatial data.

15.10.1 Elements of SDI

  • Data: Standardized, interoperable spatial datasets (e.g., topography, weather, demography).
  • Technology: GIS software, databases, cloud platforms.
  • Policies: Guidelines for data sharing and privacy.
  • Institutions: Government agencies, research institutes, private players.
  • People: Skilled personnel and end-users.

15.10.2 Spatial Data Infrastructure in India

India’s SDI initiatives include:

  • National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) under DST,
  • Bhuvan – India’s satellite-based geo-platform by ISRO,
  • India Geo-Platform for sharing environmental and disaster data,
  • NIC GIS for government departments and public service delivery.

15.11 Let Us Sum Up

  • Geoinformatics plays a central role in enhancing climate resilience and reducing disaster risks.
  • It supports adaptation strategies, disaster preparedness, early warning systems, and post-disaster recovery.
  • Integration of geospatial tools in national policies ensures sustainable development.
  • Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) facilitates seamless data access for effective decision-making and planning.

15.12 Key Words (with Definitions)

  1. Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) – Adjustments in human or natural systems to minimize the negative impacts of climate change and benefit from opportunities.
  2. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) – Systematic efforts to reduce disaster risks through analysis, preparedness, and mitigation.
  3. Early Warning System (EWS) – A framework that detects potential hazards and issues timely alerts to minimize impact and enhance preparedness.
  4. Risk Assessment – The process of evaluating hazards, vulnerabilities, and exposure to determine the likelihood and impact of disasters.
  5. Geoprocessing – The use of GIS tools to analyze and manipulate spatial data for decision-making.
  6. Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) – The network of data, technologies, institutions, and policies that support geospatial data management and sharing.
  7. Remote Sensing – The acquisition of information about Earth’s surface using satellite or aerial sensors.
  8. Hazard – A potentially damaging physical event or phenomenon (e.g., flood, earthquake).
  9. Vulnerability – The degree to which people or systems are likely to be affected by hazards.
  10. Exposure – The presence of people, infrastructure, or ecosystems in areas prone to hazards.
  11. GIS (Geographic Information System) – A system used to collect, store, analyze, and present spatial data.
  12. Bhuvan – India’s geospatial portal developed by ISRO for accessing and analyzing satellite data.
  13. NSDI (National Spatial Data Infrastructure) – India’s initiative to coordinate and share spatial data among various agencies.
  14. Satellite Communication – The use of satellites to transmit data and alerts in remote or disaster-affected areas.

 

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