MEVE 013: Unit 09 - Principles of Bioremediation

UNIT 9: PRINCIPLES OF BIOREMEDIATION


9.1 Introduction to Bioremediation

Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microbes, fungi, and plants, to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site. It is a natural, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technology for cleaning up hazardous waste.


9.2 Bioremediation Methods

9.2.1 Bacterial-Assisted Bioremediation

  • Uses bacteria to degrade pollutants like hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and pesticides.
  • Examples: Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhodococcus species.

9.2.2 Fungi-Assisted Bioremediation

  • Fungi such as white rot fungi secrete extracellular enzymes (e.g., lignin peroxidase) that break down complex pollutants.
  • Ideal for recalcitrant pollutants like dyes and xenobiotics.

9.2.3 Plant-Assisted Bioremediation (Phytoremediation)

  • Involves the use of green plants to absorb, degrade, or stabilize contaminants.
  • Examples: Brassica, Sunflower, Poplar trees.

9.2.4 Combination of Techniques

  • Combines multiple methods (e.g., bacteria + plants) for synergistic effect and higher degradation efficiency.

9.3 Scope of Bioremediation

  • Agriculture: Pesticide detoxification.
  • Industrial Pollution Control: Degrading solvents, dyes, oil spills.
  • Heavy Metal Remediation: Using microbes to convert toxic metals to non-toxic forms.
  • Wastewater Treatment: Microbial degradation of organic pollutants.
  • Oil Spill Clean-Up: Bioremediation of hydrocarbons in marine environments.

9.4 Bioremediation Strategies

9.4.1 In Situ Bioremediation

  • Treatment of contaminated material at the site.

9.4.1.1 Biosparging

  • Injecting air or oxygen into groundwater to stimulate aerobic degradation by indigenous microbes.

9.4.1.2 Bioventing

  • Supplying air and nutrients to stimulate degradation in unsaturated soils.

9.4.1.3 Bio-augmentation

  • Adding specialized microbial strains to accelerate degradation.

9.4.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation

  • Contaminated material is excavated and treated elsewhere.

9.4.2.1 Composting

  • Mixing organic waste with microbes under controlled aerobic conditions.

9.4.2.2 Solid Phase Treatment Systems

  • Waste is treated in a confined bed with controlled moisture, aeration, and nutrients.

9.4.2.3 Biopiling

  • Contaminated soil is piled, aerated, and irrigated to promote microbial degradation.

9.4.3 Bioreactors or Controlled Biosystems

Slurry Bioreactors

  • Contaminated soil or sediment is suspended in water and treated in a reactor.

Aqueous Bioreactors

  • For water-based pollution; microbes are cultured to degrade dissolved pollutants.

9.5 Factors Affecting the Process of Bioremediation

9.5.1 Environmental Factors

9.5.1.1 Nutrients

  • Microorganisms require carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other trace elements.

9.5.1.2 Soil

  • Soil structure, pH, temperature, and moisture affect microbial activity.

Other influencing factors include:

  • Oxygen availability
  • pH
  • Temperature
  • Toxicity of pollutant
  • Bioavailability

9.6 Risk Assessment: Advantages and Limitations of Bioremediation

9.6.1 Advantages

  • Eco-friendly and natural process.
  • Cost-effective compared to physical/chemical methods.
  • Can be performed on-site.
  • Causes minimal environmental disturbance.

9.6.2 Limitations

  • Slow process, especially for complex pollutants.
  • Not effective in anaerobic or extreme conditions.
  • Bioavailability of pollutants may be limited.
  • May require pre-treatment or post-treatment steps.

9.7 Bioremediation, Sustainable Development, and Future Prospects

  • Supports UN SDGs, especially clean water (Goal 6) and sustainable cities (Goal 11).
  • Research into genetically modified microbes and bioinformatics tools is expanding the potential.
  • Integration with nanotechnology and synthetic biology enhances future applications.

9.8 Keywords

  • Bioremediation-Use of biological agents to remove or neutralize environmental pollutants.
  • Phytoremediation-Use of plants to clean up contaminated soil, water, or air.
  • Bioaugmentation-Introduction of specific microbes to enhance biodegradation.
  • Bioventing-Aerating soil to promote aerobic microbial activity.
  • Biosparging-Injecting air below groundwater to stimulate aerobic degradation.
  • Biopiling-Aerated piled soil method to remediate contaminated sites.
  • Slurry Bioreactor-Reactor where contaminated solids are mixed with water and treated biologically.
  • Nutrient Limitation-Lack of essential nutrients that restrict microbial degradation activity.
  • Ex Situ-Treatment of contaminated materials outside the original location.
  • In Situ-Treatment at the contamination site without excavation.

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