MEVE 013: Unit 09 - Principles of Bioremediation
UNIT 9:
PRINCIPLES OF BIOREMEDIATION
9.1 Introduction to Bioremediation
Bioremediation is
the use of living organisms, primarily microbes, fungi, and plants, to remove
or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site. It is a natural,
cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technology for cleaning up
hazardous waste.
9.2 Bioremediation Methods
9.2.1 Bacterial-Assisted Bioremediation
- Uses
bacteria to degrade pollutants like hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and
pesticides.
- Examples: Pseudomonas,
Bacillus, Rhodococcus species.
9.2.2 Fungi-Assisted Bioremediation
- Fungi such
as white rot fungi secrete extracellular enzymes (e.g., lignin peroxidase)
that break down complex pollutants.
- Ideal for
recalcitrant pollutants like dyes and xenobiotics.
9.2.3 Plant-Assisted Bioremediation (Phytoremediation)
- Involves the
use of green plants to absorb, degrade, or stabilize contaminants.
- Examples: Brassica,
Sunflower, Poplar trees.
9.2.4 Combination of Techniques
- Combines
multiple methods (e.g., bacteria + plants) for synergistic effect and
higher degradation efficiency.
9.3 Scope of Bioremediation
- Agriculture: Pesticide detoxification.
- Industrial
Pollution Control: Degrading solvents, dyes, oil spills.
- Heavy Metal
Remediation: Using microbes to convert toxic metals to
non-toxic forms.
- Wastewater
Treatment: Microbial degradation of organic pollutants.
- Oil Spill
Clean-Up: Bioremediation of hydrocarbons in marine
environments.
9.4 Bioremediation Strategies
9.4.1 In Situ Bioremediation
- Treatment of
contaminated material at the site.
9.4.1.1 Biosparging
- Injecting
air or oxygen into groundwater to stimulate aerobic degradation by
indigenous microbes.
9.4.1.2 Bioventing
- Supplying
air and nutrients to stimulate degradation in unsaturated soils.
9.4.1.3 Bio-augmentation
- Adding
specialized microbial strains to accelerate degradation.
9.4.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation
- Contaminated
material is excavated and treated elsewhere.
9.4.2.1 Composting
- Mixing
organic waste with microbes under controlled aerobic conditions.
9.4.2.2 Solid Phase Treatment Systems
- Waste is
treated in a confined bed with controlled moisture, aeration, and
nutrients.
9.4.2.3 Biopiling
- Contaminated
soil is piled, aerated, and irrigated to promote microbial degradation.
9.4.3 Bioreactors or Controlled Biosystems
Slurry Bioreactors
- Contaminated
soil or sediment is suspended in water and treated in a reactor.
Aqueous Bioreactors
- For
water-based pollution; microbes are cultured to degrade dissolved
pollutants.
9.5 Factors Affecting the Process of Bioremediation
9.5.1 Environmental Factors
9.5.1.1 Nutrients
- Microorganisms
require carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other trace elements.
9.5.1.2 Soil
- Soil
structure, pH, temperature, and moisture affect microbial activity.
Other influencing
factors include:
- Oxygen
availability
- pH
- Temperature
- Toxicity of
pollutant
- Bioavailability
9.6 Risk Assessment: Advantages and Limitations of Bioremediation
9.6.1 Advantages
- Eco-friendly and natural process.
- Cost-effective compared to physical/chemical methods.
- Can be performed
on-site.
- Causes minimal
environmental disturbance.
9.6.2 Limitations
- Slow process, especially for complex pollutants.
- Not
effective in anaerobic or extreme conditions.
- Bioavailability of pollutants may be limited.
- May require pre-treatment
or post-treatment steps.
9.7 Bioremediation, Sustainable Development, and Future Prospects
- Supports UN SDGs, especially clean water (Goal 6) and sustainable
cities (Goal 11).
- Research
into genetically modified microbes and bioinformatics tools
is expanding the potential.
- Integration
with nanotechnology and synthetic biology enhances future
applications.
9.8 Keywords
- Bioremediation-Use of biological agents
to remove or neutralize environmental pollutants.
- Phytoremediation-Use of plants to clean
up contaminated soil, water, or air.
- Bioaugmentation-Introduction of specific
microbes to enhance biodegradation.
- Bioventing-Aerating soil to promote
aerobic microbial activity.
- Biosparging-Injecting air below
groundwater to stimulate aerobic degradation.
- Biopiling-Aerated piled soil
method to remediate contaminated sites.
- Slurry Bioreactor-Reactor where
contaminated solids are mixed with water and treated biologically.
- Nutrient Limitation-Lack of essential
nutrients that restrict microbial degradation activity.
- Ex Situ-Treatment of
contaminated materials outside the original location.
- In Situ-Treatment at the contamination site without excavation.
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