MEVE 013: Unit 10 - Bioremediation for Soil Environment

UNIT 10: BIOREMEDIATION FOR SOIL ENVIRONMENT


10.1 Introduction

Soil contamination by organic and inorganic pollutants is a major global concern. Bioremediation provides an eco-friendly solution to restore soil health using biological organisms, especially microbes, fungi, and plants.


10.2 Objectives

  • To understand the concept and methods of bioremediation in soil.
  • To explore in situ and ex situ techniques.
  • To study specific strategies for metal-contaminated soils.
  • To examine mechanisms like biosorption and bioaccumulation.

10.3 Bioremediation

Bioremediation refers to the process where living organisms degrade, detoxify, or transform pollutants in the soil into less harmful forms.

10.3.1 Bioremediation Approaches

  • Intrinsic bioremediation: Relies on natural microbial populations.
  • Engineered bioremediation: Uses added organisms, nutrients, or oxygen.

10.3.2 Types of Bioremediation

  • Microbial Bioremediation: Using bacteria, fungi.
  • Phytoremediation: Using plants.
  • Mycoremediation: Using fungi.

10.3.3 Bioremediation Techniques

Techniques vary based on pollutant type, site condition, and depth of contamination.


10.4 In Situ Bioremediation

Treatment occurs on-site without excavation, less disruptive and more cost-effective.

10.4.1 Biosparging

Injection of air and nutrients into soil and groundwater to increase microbial degradation.

10.4.2 Bioventing

Supplying air to unsaturated soil to stimulate aerobic microbial growth.

10.4.3 Biostimulation / Bioaugmentation

  • Biostimulation: Adding nutrients/oxygen to stimulate native microbes.
  • Bioaugmentation: Adding specialized microbes to the site.

10.4.4 Phytoremediation

Plants absorb, accumulate, and detoxify contaminants from the soil (e.g., heavy metals, pesticides).


10.5 Ex Situ Bioremediation

Contaminated soil is excavated and treated at a separate location or facility.

10.5.1 Landfarming

Contaminated soil is spread and periodically tilled to enhance microbial breakdown.

10.5.2 Composting

Blending soil with organic materials to stimulate microbial degradation in a compost pile.

10.5.3 Biopile / Soil Mounds

Soil is heaped in piles, aerated, and irrigated; ideal for petroleum-contaminated soils.

10.5.4 Bioreactor

A controlled vessel or system where soil and microorganisms are mixed for accelerated degradation.


10.6 Bioremediation of Metals

Unlike organic compounds, metals cannot be degraded, but their toxicity and mobility can be reduced.

10.6.1 Biotransformation

Chemical transformation of metals into less toxic or less mobile forms by microbes.

10.6.2 Biosorption

Passive adsorption of metal ions onto microbial cell walls or biofilms.

10.6.3 Bioaccumulation

Active uptake of metals by microbial cells and storage inside the cytoplasm or organelles.


10.7 Summary

Bioremediation offers multiple techniques—both in situ and ex situ—for restoring polluted soils. It is particularly effective in dealing with hydrocarbons, pesticides, and even heavy metals through transformation or immobilization.


10.8 Keywords

  • Bioremediation-Use of biological organisms to degrade or detoxify soil contaminants.
  • In situ-Bioremediation at the contamination site without removing soil.
  • Ex situ-Bioremediation of soil after excavation from the original site.
  • Biosparging-Injecting air into soil and groundwater to enhance aerobic microbial activity.
  • Bioventing-Supplying air to the unsaturated soil zone to stimulate aerobic biodegradation.
  • Biostimulation-Addition of nutrients or oxygen to stimulate existing microbial populations.
  • Bioaugmentation-Introduction of specific microorganisms to a site for pollutant degradation.
  • Phytoremediation-Use of plants to clean contaminants from soil or water.
  • Landfarming-Tilling contaminated soil to promote microbial degradation.
  • Biopile-Aerated soil piles designed for microbial remediation of contaminants.
  • Composting-Controlled aerobic degradation of organics in soil mixed with compost.
  • Bioreactor-A vessel designed to optimize biological reactions for pollutant removal.
  • Biosorption-Adsorption of heavy metals by microbial biomass or biofilms.
  • Bioaccumulation-Uptake and storage of heavy metals within microbial cells.
  • Biotransformation-Microbial conversion of pollutants into less toxic forms.

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