MEVE 013: Unit 10 - Bioremediation for Soil Environment
UNIT 10:
BIOREMEDIATION FOR SOIL ENVIRONMENT
10.1 Introduction
Soil
contamination by organic and inorganic pollutants is a major global concern.
Bioremediation provides an eco-friendly solution to restore soil health using
biological organisms, especially microbes, fungi, and plants.
10.2 Objectives
- To
understand the concept and methods of bioremediation in soil.
- To explore
in situ and ex situ techniques.
- To study
specific strategies for metal-contaminated soils.
- To examine
mechanisms like biosorption and bioaccumulation.
10.3 Bioremediation
Bioremediation
refers to the process where living organisms degrade, detoxify, or transform
pollutants in the soil into less harmful forms.
10.3.1 Bioremediation Approaches
- Intrinsic
bioremediation: Relies on natural microbial populations.
- Engineered
bioremediation: Uses added organisms, nutrients, or oxygen.
10.3.2 Types of Bioremediation
- Microbial
Bioremediation: Using bacteria, fungi.
- Phytoremediation: Using plants.
- Mycoremediation: Using fungi.
10.3.3 Bioremediation Techniques
Techniques vary
based on pollutant type, site condition, and depth of
contamination.
10.4 In Situ Bioremediation
Treatment occurs on-site
without excavation, less disruptive and more cost-effective.
10.4.1 Biosparging
Injection of air
and nutrients into soil and groundwater to increase microbial degradation.
10.4.2 Bioventing
Supplying air to
unsaturated soil to stimulate aerobic microbial growth.
10.4.3 Biostimulation / Bioaugmentation
- Biostimulation: Adding nutrients/oxygen to stimulate native microbes.
- Bioaugmentation: Adding specialized microbes to the site.
10.4.4 Phytoremediation
Plants absorb,
accumulate, and detoxify contaminants from the soil (e.g., heavy metals,
pesticides).
10.5 Ex Situ Bioremediation
Contaminated soil
is excavated and treated at a separate location or facility.
10.5.1 Landfarming
Contaminated soil
is spread and periodically tilled to enhance microbial breakdown.
10.5.2 Composting
Blending soil
with organic materials to stimulate microbial degradation in a compost pile.
10.5.3 Biopile / Soil Mounds
Soil is heaped in
piles, aerated, and irrigated; ideal for petroleum-contaminated soils.
10.5.4 Bioreactor
A controlled
vessel or system where soil and microorganisms are mixed for accelerated
degradation.
10.6 Bioremediation of Metals
Unlike organic
compounds, metals cannot be degraded, but their toxicity and mobility
can be reduced.
10.6.1 Biotransformation
Chemical
transformation of metals into less toxic or less mobile forms by microbes.
10.6.2 Biosorption
Passive
adsorption of metal ions onto microbial cell walls or biofilms.
10.6.3 Bioaccumulation
Active uptake of
metals by microbial cells and storage inside the cytoplasm or organelles.
10.7 Summary
Bioremediation
offers multiple techniques—both in situ and ex situ—for restoring polluted
soils. It is particularly effective in dealing with hydrocarbons, pesticides,
and even heavy metals through transformation or immobilization.
10.8 Keywords
- Bioremediation-Use of biological
organisms to degrade or detoxify soil contaminants.
- In situ-Bioremediation at the
contamination site without removing soil.
- Ex situ-Bioremediation of soil
after excavation from the original site.
- Biosparging-Injecting air into soil
and groundwater to enhance aerobic microbial activity.
- Bioventing-Supplying air to the
unsaturated soil zone to stimulate aerobic biodegradation.
- Biostimulation-Addition of nutrients or
oxygen to stimulate existing microbial populations.
- Bioaugmentation-Introduction of specific
microorganisms to a site for pollutant degradation.
- Phytoremediation-Use of plants to clean
contaminants from soil or water.
- Landfarming-Tilling contaminated
soil to promote microbial degradation.
- Biopile-Aerated soil piles
designed for microbial remediation of contaminants.
- Composting-Controlled aerobic
degradation of organics in soil mixed with compost.
- Bioreactor-A vessel designed to
optimize biological reactions for pollutant removal.
- Biosorption-Adsorption of heavy
metals by microbial biomass or biofilms.
- Bioaccumulation-Uptake and storage of
heavy metals within microbial cells.
- Biotransformation-Microbial conversion of pollutants into less toxic forms.
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