MEVE 013: Unit 11 - Bioremediation of the Air Environment
UNIT 11: BIOREMEDIATION OF THE AIR ENVIRONMENT
11.1 Introduction
Air pollution
from industrial, vehicular, and agricultural sources releases harmful gases
like VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), sulfur compounds, and ammonia
into the environment. Bioremediation technologies utilize microorganisms
to degrade these pollutants into harmless products, offering a sustainable
and eco-friendly solution for air purification.
11.2 Objectives
- To
understand bioremediation applications for air pollution.
- To explore
systems such as biofilters, biotrickling filters, and bioscrubbers.
- To study
components and mechanisms of air bioremediation technologies.
- To analyze
factors influencing efficiency and operation.
11.3 Bioremediation
Bioremediation in
the air environment involves microbial degradation of airborne pollutants,
transforming them into less harmful substances.
11.3.1 Factors for Remediation
- Type and
concentration of pollutants
- Temperature
and humidity
- Airflow rate
- pH and
nutrient availability
- Microbial
adaptability
11.3.2 Bioremediation Strategies
- Biofiltration
- Biotrickling
filtration
- Bioscrubbing
Each uses different mechanisms but relies on biofilms of microorganisms to treat air contaminants.
11.4 Bioremediation for Air Pollutants
Biological air
treatment methods are primarily used for:
- VOCs (e.g.,
benzene, toluene)
- Sulfur
compounds (e.g., H₂S)
- Nitrogen
compounds (e.g., NH₃)
- Odorous
gases
11.4.1 Bioreactors
Bioreactors are
engineered systems where polluted air is passed through microbial media that absorbs
and degrades contaminants.
11.4.2 Components of a Bioreactor Unit
- Inlet system: Introduces polluted air.
- Biofilm
support media: Surface for microbial colonization.
- Humidity
control: Maintains optimal microbial activity.
- Nutrient
delivery system
- Exhaust
system: Releases treated air.
11.5 Biofilters
A biofilter
is a packed bed reactor where contaminated air flows through a moist medium
colonized by microorganisms.
11.5.1 Types of Biofilters
- Soil
biofilters
- Compost
biofilters
- Synthetic
media biofilters
11.5.2 Biofilter Process Description and Mechanism
11.5.2.1 Process Description
- Polluted air
is passed through the moist packed bed.
- Pollutants
dissolve in the biofilm’s water phase.
- Microbes
degrade them via metabolic processes.
11.5.2.2 Mechanism Involved
- Adsorption of pollutants onto the biofilm
- Diffusion into microbial layer
- Biodegradation into CO₂, H₂O, and biomass
11.5.3 Factors Affecting Biofilter Efficiency
- Temperature
and pH
- Moisture
content
- Pollutant
load
- Air
residence time
- Nutrient
supply
11.5.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
- Low energy
cost
- Eco-friendly
- Low
maintenance
Disadvantages:
- Sensitive to
moisture and temperature
- Requires
large surface area
- May clog or
dry out
11.6 Biotrickling Filter
A hybrid system
that uses a liquid phase to enhance contact between microbes and
pollutants.
11.6.1 Operating Conditions
- Continuous
circulation of nutrient-rich liquid
- Controlled
airflow
- Moist
environment for biofilm growth
11.6.2 Principle Involved
Pollutants are absorbed
into the liquid phase, where microbes degrade them. The liquid trickles
over the media bed, constantly wetting and nourishing the biofilm.
11.7 Bioscrubber
A two-stage
system that combines physical absorption and biological degradation.
11.7.1 Process Involved
- Polluted air
is bubbled through a scrubbing liquid.
- Gases are
absorbed into the liquid.
- The solution
is transferred to a bioreactor for microbial degradation.
11.7.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
- High removal
efficiency
- Suitable for
fluctuating gas loads
Disadvantages:
- More complex
design
- Requires
energy and maintenance
11.8 Let Us Sum Up
Bioremediation
technologies like biofilters, biotrickling filters, and bioscrubbers provide sustainable
solutions for air pollution. Their effectiveness depends on biological,
chemical, and physical parameters, which must be optimized for long-term
operation.
11.9 Keywords
- Bioremediation-Use of living organisms
to remove or neutralize pollutants.
- Biofilter-A reactor using
microbial films to degrade air pollutants.
- Biotrickling filter-A system where liquid
continuously trickles over microbial media to treat air.
- Bioscrubber-A gas treatment system
combining scrubbing and microbial degradation.
- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)-Organic
chemicals that easily become vapors or gases, causing air pollution.
- Biofilm-A layer of
microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and degrade pollutants.
- Adsorption-Adherence of molecules
to a surface, often the first step in biofiltration.
- Biodegradation-Microbial breakdown of
substances into less harmful components.
- Residence time-Time a pollutant spends in the treatment system, affecting efficiency.
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