MEVE 013: Unit 11 - Bioremediation of the Air Environment

 UNIT 11: BIOREMEDIATION OF THE AIR ENVIRONMENT


11.1 Introduction

Air pollution from industrial, vehicular, and agricultural sources releases harmful gases like VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), sulfur compounds, and ammonia into the environment. Bioremediation technologies utilize microorganisms to degrade these pollutants into harmless products, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for air purification.


11.2 Objectives

  • To understand bioremediation applications for air pollution.
  • To explore systems such as biofilters, biotrickling filters, and bioscrubbers.
  • To study components and mechanisms of air bioremediation technologies.
  • To analyze factors influencing efficiency and operation.

11.3 Bioremediation

Bioremediation in the air environment involves microbial degradation of airborne pollutants, transforming them into less harmful substances.

11.3.1 Factors for Remediation

  • Type and concentration of pollutants
  • Temperature and humidity
  • Airflow rate
  • pH and nutrient availability
  • Microbial adaptability

11.3.2 Bioremediation Strategies

  • Biofiltration
  • Biotrickling filtration
  • Bioscrubbing
    Each uses different mechanisms but relies on biofilms of microorganisms to treat air contaminants.

11.4 Bioremediation for Air Pollutants

Biological air treatment methods are primarily used for:

  • VOCs (e.g., benzene, toluene)
  • Sulfur compounds (e.g., H₂S)
  • Nitrogen compounds (e.g., NH₃)
  • Odorous gases

11.4.1 Bioreactors

Bioreactors are engineered systems where polluted air is passed through microbial media that absorbs and degrades contaminants.

11.4.2 Components of a Bioreactor Unit

  • Inlet system: Introduces polluted air.
  • Biofilm support media: Surface for microbial colonization.
  • Humidity control: Maintains optimal microbial activity.
  • Nutrient delivery system
  • Exhaust system: Releases treated air.

11.5 Biofilters

A biofilter is a packed bed reactor where contaminated air flows through a moist medium colonized by microorganisms.

11.5.1 Types of Biofilters

  • Soil biofilters
  • Compost biofilters
  • Synthetic media biofilters

11.5.2 Biofilter Process Description and Mechanism

11.5.2.1 Process Description

  • Polluted air is passed through the moist packed bed.
  • Pollutants dissolve in the biofilm’s water phase.
  • Microbes degrade them via metabolic processes.

11.5.2.2 Mechanism Involved

  • Adsorption of pollutants onto the biofilm
  • Diffusion into microbial layer
  • Biodegradation into CO₂, H₂O, and biomass

11.5.3 Factors Affecting Biofilter Efficiency

  • Temperature and pH
  • Moisture content
  • Pollutant load
  • Air residence time
  • Nutrient supply

11.5.4 Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:

  • Low energy cost
  • Eco-friendly
  • Low maintenance

Disadvantages:

  • Sensitive to moisture and temperature
  • Requires large surface area
  • May clog or dry out

11.6 Biotrickling Filter

A hybrid system that uses a liquid phase to enhance contact between microbes and pollutants.

11.6.1 Operating Conditions

  • Continuous circulation of nutrient-rich liquid
  • Controlled airflow
  • Moist environment for biofilm growth

11.6.2 Principle Involved

Pollutants are absorbed into the liquid phase, where microbes degrade them. The liquid trickles over the media bed, constantly wetting and nourishing the biofilm.


11.7 Bioscrubber

A two-stage system that combines physical absorption and biological degradation.

11.7.1 Process Involved

  • Polluted air is bubbled through a scrubbing liquid.
  • Gases are absorbed into the liquid.
  • The solution is transferred to a bioreactor for microbial degradation.

11.7.2 Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:

  • High removal efficiency
  • Suitable for fluctuating gas loads

Disadvantages:

  • More complex design
  • Requires energy and maintenance

11.8 Let Us Sum Up

Bioremediation technologies like biofilters, biotrickling filters, and bioscrubbers provide sustainable solutions for air pollution. Their effectiveness depends on biological, chemical, and physical parameters, which must be optimized for long-term operation.


11.9 Keywords

  • Bioremediation-Use of living organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants.
  • Biofilter-A reactor using microbial films to degrade air pollutants.
  • Biotrickling filter-A system where liquid continuously trickles over microbial media to treat air.
  • Bioscrubber-A gas treatment system combining scrubbing and microbial degradation.
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)-Organic chemicals that easily become vapors or gases, causing air pollution.
  • Biofilm-A layer of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and degrade pollutants.
  • Adsorption-Adherence of molecules to a surface, often the first step in biofiltration.
  • Biodegradation-Microbial breakdown of substances into less harmful components.
  • Residence time-Time a pollutant spends in the treatment system, affecting efficiency.

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