MEVE 013: Unit 12 - Phytoremediation

UNIT 12: PHYTOREMEDIATION


12.1 Introduction

Phytoremediation is a green technology that uses plants and their associated microbes to remove, degrade, or stabilize environmental contaminants from soil, water, and air. It is eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable, offering an alternative to physical and chemical remediation.


12.2 Objectives

  • Understand the definition and scope of phytoremediation.
  • Learn about types of phytoremediation strategies.
  • Study the mechanisms used by plants to remediate pollutants.
  • Explore the role of environmental factors and genetically engineered plants.
  • Discuss phytoremediation in wetland ecosystems.

12.3 Definition, Scope and Types

12.3.1 What is Phytoremediation?

Phytoremediation is the use of plants to clean up contaminated environments by absorbing, transforming, or immobilizing pollutants.

12.3.2 Scope

  • Applied in agricultural land, mining areas, industrial sites.
  • Can treat heavy metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons, and excess nutrients.
  • Plays a role in climate change mitigation and ecosystem restoration.

12.3.3 Types of Phytoremediation

Type

Description

Phytoextraction

Uptake of contaminants (mainly metals) into harvestable plant parts.

Phytostabilization

Plants immobilize pollutants in the root zone to prevent migration.

Phytodegradation

Contaminants are broken down by enzymes within the plant tissues.

Phytovolatilization

Contaminants are absorbed and released into the atmosphere as volatile compounds.

Rhizofiltration

Root systems filter and remove contaminants from water.

Rhizodegradation

Plant roots enhance microbial breakdown of pollutants in the rhizosphere.


12.4 Process and Mechanism

12.4.1 Inorganics and Organics

  • Inorganics (like heavy metals) are taken up and stored or detoxified by plants.
  • Organics (like pesticides or hydrocarbons) are enzymatically degraded or transformed.

12.4.2 Heavy Metals

Plants use processes such as:

  • Chelation
  • Sequestration in vacuoles
  • Binding to cell walls
  • Certain plants are classified as hyperaccumulators for metals like Cd, Pb, and Zn.

12.4.3 Process and Mechanism

  • Uptake via roots
  • Translocation through xylem/phloem
  • Transformation via enzymes
  • Storage or volatilization

12.5 Environmental Factors

  • Soil pH and texture
  • Water availability
  • Temperature and light
  • Presence of symbiotic microbes
  • Concentration and type of pollutant- These influence the efficiency of phytoremediation strategies.

12.6 Advantages, Disadvantages and Limitations

Advantages:

  • Environmentally friendly
  • Low-cost and aesthetically pleasing
  • Can be applied over large areas
  • Improves soil health and biodiversity

Disadvantages:

  • Time-consuming
  • Not suitable for high contaminant concentrations
  • Root depth limits treatment depth
  • Seasonal dependency

12.7 Phytoremediation in Wetland Ecosystems

12.7.1 Natural Wetlands and Constructed/Engineered Wetlands

  • Natural wetlands passively filter and detoxify contaminants through plant-soil-microbe interactions.
  • Constructed wetlands are engineered systems that mimic natural processes for wastewater treatment using species like Typha, Phragmites, and Eichhornia.

12.8 Role of Genetically Engineered Plants

  • Genetic engineering can enhance metal uptake, degradation enzymes, or resistance to toxic conditions.
  • Transgenic plants can express bacterial genes for degrading pollutants not naturally processed by plants.
  • Key example: Arabidopsis expressing bacterial mercury reductase gene.

12.9 Let Us Sum Up

Phytoremediation is a promising biotechnological approach that uses plants to remediate environmental contaminants. Its success depends on pollutant type, plant species, and environmental factors. Future advancements, including genetically modified plants, can increase its efficiency and applicability.


12.10 Key Words (with Definitions)

  • Phytoremediation-Use of plants to clean up pollutants from soil, water, or air.
  • Phytoextraction-Removal of pollutants from the soil by plant uptake into above-ground parts.
  • Phytostabilization-Use of plants to immobilize contaminants in the soil.
  • Phytodegradation-Breakdown of pollutants by plant metabolic processes.
  • Phytovolatilization-Conversion of pollutants into volatile forms and release into the air.
  • Rhizofiltration-Use of roots to absorb and filter pollutants from water.
  • Rhizodegradation-Microbial degradation of contaminants in the root zone, enhanced by plants.
  • Hyperaccumulator-Plant that can accumulate unusually high levels of a specific contaminant.
  • Constructed wetland-Man-made wetland system designed for wastewater treatment.
  • Genetically engineered plant-Plant modified to enhance its ability to degrade or tolerate contaminants.

Comments

Popular Posts

Jcert Class 8 Daffodil Chapter 1a: The Naive Friends Solutions

Jcert Class 8 भाषा मंजरी Chapter 3 मित्रता Solutions

Jcert Class 8 भाषा मंजरी Chapter 8 अमरूद का पेड Solutions