MEVE 013: Unit 12 - Phytoremediation
UNIT 12:
PHYTOREMEDIATION
12.1 Introduction
Phytoremediation
is a green technology that uses plants and their associated microbes to
remove, degrade, or stabilize environmental contaminants from soil, water,
and air. It is eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable, offering an
alternative to physical and chemical remediation.
12.2 Objectives
- Understand
the definition and scope of phytoremediation.
- Learn about types
of phytoremediation strategies.
- Study the mechanisms
used by plants to remediate pollutants.
- Explore the
role of environmental factors and genetically engineered plants.
- Discuss
phytoremediation in wetland ecosystems.
12.3 Definition, Scope and Types
12.3.1 What is Phytoremediation?
Phytoremediation
is the use of plants to clean up contaminated environments by absorbing,
transforming, or immobilizing pollutants.
12.3.2 Scope
- Applied in agricultural
land, mining areas, industrial sites.
- Can treat heavy
metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons, and excess nutrients.
- Plays a role
in climate change mitigation and ecosystem restoration.
12.3.3 Types of Phytoremediation
Type |
Description |
Phytoextraction |
Uptake of
contaminants (mainly metals) into harvestable plant parts. |
Phytostabilization |
Plants
immobilize pollutants in the root zone to prevent migration. |
Phytodegradation |
Contaminants
are broken down by enzymes within the plant tissues. |
Phytovolatilization |
Contaminants
are absorbed and released into the atmosphere as volatile compounds. |
Rhizofiltration |
Root systems
filter and remove contaminants from water. |
Rhizodegradation |
Plant roots
enhance microbial breakdown of pollutants in the rhizosphere. |
12.4 Process and Mechanism
12.4.1 Inorganics and Organics
- Inorganics (like heavy metals) are taken up and stored or detoxified by plants.
- Organics (like pesticides or hydrocarbons) are enzymatically degraded or
transformed.
12.4.2 Heavy Metals
Plants use
processes such as:
- Chelation
- Sequestration
in vacuoles
- Binding to
cell walls
- Certain
plants are classified as hyperaccumulators for metals like Cd, Pb,
and Zn.
12.4.3 Process and Mechanism
- Uptake via roots
- Translocation through xylem/phloem
- Transformation via enzymes
- Storage or
volatilization
12.5 Environmental Factors
- Soil pH and
texture
- Water
availability
- Temperature
and light
- Presence of symbiotic
microbes
- Concentration
and type of pollutant- These influence the efficiency of phytoremediation
strategies.
12.6 Advantages, Disadvantages and Limitations
✅ Advantages:
- Environmentally
friendly
- Low-cost and
aesthetically pleasing
- Can be
applied over large areas
- Improves
soil health and biodiversity
❌ Disadvantages:
- Time-consuming
- Not suitable
for high contaminant concentrations
- Root depth
limits treatment depth
- Seasonal
dependency
12.7 Phytoremediation in Wetland Ecosystems
12.7.1 Natural Wetlands and Constructed/Engineered Wetlands
- Natural
wetlands passively filter and detoxify contaminants through
plant-soil-microbe interactions.
- Constructed
wetlands are engineered systems that mimic natural processes
for wastewater treatment using species like Typha, Phragmites,
and Eichhornia.
12.8 Role of Genetically Engineered Plants
- Genetic
engineering can enhance metal uptake, degradation enzymes,
or resistance to toxic conditions.
- Transgenic
plants can express bacterial genes for degrading pollutants not
naturally processed by plants.
- Key example:
Arabidopsis expressing bacterial mercury reductase gene.
12.9 Let Us Sum Up
Phytoremediation
is a promising biotechnological approach that uses plants to remediate
environmental contaminants. Its success depends on pollutant type, plant
species, and environmental factors. Future advancements, including genetically
modified plants, can increase its efficiency and applicability.
12.10 Key Words (with Definitions)
- Phytoremediation-Use of plants to clean
up pollutants from soil, water, or air.
- Phytoextraction-Removal of
pollutants from the soil by plant uptake into above-ground parts.
- Phytostabilization-Use of plants to immobilize contaminants in the soil.
- Phytodegradation-Breakdown of
pollutants by plant metabolic processes.
- Phytovolatilization-Conversion of pollutants into volatile forms and release into the air.
- Rhizofiltration-Use of roots
to absorb and filter pollutants from water.
- Rhizodegradation-Microbial
degradation of contaminants in the root zone, enhanced by plants.
- Hyperaccumulator-Plant that can
accumulate unusually high levels of a specific contaminant.
- Constructed wetland-Man-made wetland system designed for wastewater treatment.
- Genetically engineered plant-Plant modified to enhance its ability to degrade or tolerate contaminants.
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