MEVE 017: Unit 10 - Historical and Social Perspectives in Environmental Problems

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 UNIT 10: HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

10.0 Introduction

Environmental problems such as pollution, deforestation, and climate change are not just scientific or technical issues—they also have deep historical and social roots. This unit helps us understand how different thinkers and social reformers viewed the relationship between nature, society, and development. It also explores how economic growth, displacement, and the use of modern technology have contributed to environmental challenges.

10.1 Objectives

This unit will help you:

  • Understand different historical and social approaches to environmental problems
  • Learn about the Limits to Growth theory
  • Explore the Marxian, Gandhian, and Phulean views on the environment
  • Study how development projects cause displacement and environmental damage
  • Understand the relationship between environment, technology, and society

10.2 Limits to Growth Approach to the Study of Environment

The Limits to Growth theory was introduced in 1972 by the Club of Rome. It warned that if human consumption, industrial growth, and population increase continued without control, the Earth’s resources would run out. This model stressed the need to limit growth and adopt sustainable lifestyles to avoid environmental collapse.

10.2.1 Marxian Approach

The Marxian approach, based on the ideas of Karl Marx, views environmental problems as the result of capitalism. According to Marx, capitalist systems focus on profit and exploit both nature and workers. Industries use natural resources without concern for future generations, leading to pollution and inequality. Marxists argue for a system that respects nature and supports equal rights for all.

10.2.2 Gandhian Approach

Mahatma Gandhi believed in simple living, self-reliance, and small-scale village industries. His approach promoted non-violence towards nature, and he warned that "the Earth has enough for everyone’s need but not for everyone’s greed." Gandhian environmental thought focuses on living in harmony with nature, using limited resources, and promoting local economies.

10.2.3 Phule Approach

Jyotirao Phule, a 19th-century social reformer, focused on equality, education, and justice. Though not directly known for environmental writings, his ideas support the rights of oppressed communities like Dalits and farmers, who are often the most affected by environmental destruction. The Phulean perspective calls for environmental justice by ensuring that development benefits all sections of society and does not harm the poor.

10.3 Development, Displacement, Relocation and Environmental Problems

Large development projects like dams, highways, mining, and industrial zones often lead to displacement of people, especially tribal and rural communities. When people are relocated, they lose their homes, land, and connection to nature. At the same time, these projects cause environmental problems like deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. This situation creates a conflict between development and environment, raising serious questions about sustainability and justice.

10.4 Environment, Technology and Society

Modern technology has improved our lives in many ways, but it also has harmful effects on the environment. Factories, machines, vehicles, and electronic waste cause pollution and overuse of natural resources. Society needs to adopt eco-friendly technologies, renewable energy sources, and waste management systems. The link between environment, technology, and society is very important—technological development should not harm the planet or its people.

10.5 Let Us Sum Up

Environmental problems cannot be understood without looking at their historical and social background. Thinkers like Marx, Gandhi, and Phule offer valuable lessons in how we view nature, society, and justice. Development must not ignore the rights of people or the health of the environment. Technology must be used wisely to support a cleaner, fairer world. By learning from history and respecting social values, we can work toward a more sustainable and just future.

 

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