MEVE 017: Unit 15 - Population and Environment

 UNIT 15: POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT

15.0 Introduction

This unit explores how the growing human population affects the natural environment. It discusses the history and future of population growth, how it influences food supply, resource use, and overall environmental health. The unit also looks at food security, and how materialism and consumption are creating more pressure on the Earth’s limited resources.


15.1 Objectives

By the end of this unit, you will be able to:

  • Understand how population growth impacts the environment
  • Learn about global population trends and age structures
  • Understand the meaning and challenges of food security
  • Explore how increasing materialism and consumption affect natural resources

15.2 Population Explosion and Its Impact on Environment

15.2.1 History of Population Increase

The global population remained low and stable for thousands of years. However, after the Industrial Revolution, better healthcare, sanitation, and food production caused the population to grow rapidly, especially in the last two centuries.

15.2.2 Population Estimates and Projections

Current estimates show that the world population has crossed 8 billion and is still growing. Future projections suggest that the population may reach 9–10 billion by 2050, creating further stress on the planet’s resources.

15.2.3 The Most Populous Countries of the World

Countries like India, China, the USA, Indonesia, and Pakistan have the largest populations. Managing resources in such densely populated nations is a big challenge.

15.2.4 Projected Growth of the Global Population

Most of the future population growth will happen in developing countries, especially in Asia and Africa. This growth will demand more food, water, energy, and land, leading to environmental degradation.

15.2.5 Population Age Structure and Population Pyramids

Population pyramids are graphical tools that show the age and gender distribution of a country’s people. Countries with a young population may face pressure on education and jobs, while those with an aging population may face healthcare and workforce shortages.

15.2.6 Impact of Population on Environment

A growing population increases the demand for natural resources, leads to more pollution, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and adds pressure on food and water supplies. Urbanization and overuse of land degrade the environment.


15.3 Food Security

15.3.1 Dimensions of Food Security

Food security means that all people, at all times, should have enough nutritious food to live a healthy life. It includes:

  • Availability (enough food is produced)
  • Access (people can afford it)
  • Utilization (food is nutritious and safe)

15.3.2 Causes of Food Insecurity

Food insecurity can be caused by poverty, natural disasters, wars, climate change, poor governance, and population pressure. When land and water are overused, food production suffers.

15.3.3 Challenges of Food Security

Ensuring food for everyone in a growing world population is a big challenge. Issues like climate change, soil degradation, and loss of arable land make it harder to grow enough food sustainably.


15.4 Materialism and Consumption

15.4.1 Materialism

Materialism is the belief that owning more things leads to happiness and success. In modern society, this idea promotes over-buying and waste, often ignoring the environmental cost.

15.4.2 Consumption

As people consume more food, fuel, clothing, and technology, more waste, pollution, and resource depletion occur. High levels of consumption in rich countries and increasing demands in developing countries are major contributors to environmental problems.


15.5 Let Us Sum Up

Population growth affects every part of the environment—from land, water, and forests to air and biodiversity. Managing food security, promoting sustainable consumption, and reducing materialistic lifestyles are important steps to protect the planet. As the population continues to grow, balancing human needs with environmental limits is a major challenge for the future.

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