MSD 019: Unit 02 - SDG1–End Poverty

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UNIT 2: SDG 1 – END POVERTY

2.0 Introduction

Sustainable Development Goal 1 (SDG 1) aims to end poverty in all its forms everywhere by 2030. Poverty is not just the lack of income but also includes lack of access to basic services such as healthcare, education, clean water, and housing. It is a multidimensional issue affecting billions of people globally. India, being home to a significant portion of the global poor, has taken major steps through policy initiatives, data tracking via Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), and targeted poverty alleviation schemes to address this challenge.

2.1 Objectives

By the end of this unit, you will be able to:

·         Understand the concept and dimensions of poverty.

·         Describe the Global Indicator Framework of SDG 1.

·         Comprehend India’s approach to Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).

·         Learn how MPI is calculated and interpreted.

·         Assess India’s and the world’s progress in reducing poverty.

·         Explore the impact of COVID-19 on poverty levels.

·         Identify policy strategies to combat poverty post-pandemic.

2.2 Conceptual Framework of Poverty and Its Multidimensionality

Poverty is not only about low income but also includes deprivation of essential services like:

·         Health

·         Education

·         Nutrition

·         Sanitation

·         Shelter

This broader view of poverty is captured in Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which assesses multiple overlapping deprivations faced by individuals and households.

2.3 Indicators and Deprivation Cutoffs

The MPI framework identifies poverty based on indicators grouped under three dimensions:

1.      Health (e.g., nutrition, child mortality)

2.      Education (e.g., years of schooling, school attendance)

3.      Living Standards (e.g., electricity, sanitation, water, housing, cooking fuel, assets)

Deprivation cutoffs are set for each indicator to determine whether a household is considered deprived in that particular area.

2.4 Global Indicator Framework for Sustainable Development Goals

The United Nations developed a Global Indicator Framework to monitor SDG progress. For SDG 1, key indicators include:

·         1.1.1: Proportion of population living below $1.90 a day.

·         1.2.1: Proportion of men, women, and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions.

·         1.3.1: Coverage of social protection systems.

·         1.5.1 to 1.5.4: Resilience to disasters.

This framework helps compare progress across countries.

2.5 A Glance at Historical Perspective of India’s MPI

2.5.1 The Adoption of “Transforming Our World”

In 2015, India committed to the UN 2030 Agenda, launching its version of the National Multidimensional Poverty Index (National MPI) to track performance beyond income poverty, aligning with “Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.”

2.6 Indicators in India’s MPI

India’s MPI is tailored to its national context. It includes 12 indicators across the same three dimensions (Health, Education, Living Standards) with some variations.

2.6.1 National MPI Salience and Features

·         Based on NFHS (National Family Health Survey) data.

·         Developed by NITI Aayog in collaboration with Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and UNDP.

·         Enables data-driven policymaking at national, state, and district levels.

2.6.2 Purpose of National MPI

·         Identify the poorest regions.

·         Design targeted welfare programs.

·         Measure development beyond income metrics.

2.7 Computing MPI

2.7.1 Identifying the Poor

A person is identified as poor if they are deprived in at least 1/3rd of the total indicators.

2.7.2 Deprivation Score

Each indicator carries a weight. A household’s deprivation score is calculated by summing the weights of the indicators where the household is deprived.

2.7.3 Steps in Computing

1.      Define dimensions and indicators.

2.      Set deprivation cutoffs.

3.      Calculate deprivation score for each household.

4.      Apply poverty cutoff.

5.      Determine Headcount Ratio (H) and Intensity (A).

6.      Multiply to get MPI = H × A

2.7.4 Poverty Cutoff

If a household's deprivation score exceeds 33%, it is considered poor.

2.7.5 Censoring

Only the deprivations of the poor are included in the final analysis—this is called censoring.

2.8 Overview of India’s MPI

India’s MPI reflects notable progress but also highlights the need for targeted interventions in backward regions.

2.8.1 Poverty Reduction Measures

·         PMAY (housing)

·         Ayushman Bharat (health)

·         Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (sanitation)

·         PM Ujjwala Yojana (clean cooking fuel)

·         Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (education)

2.8.2 Achievement of SDG1 in India

According to NITI Aayog’s SDG India Index:

·         States like Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu perform well.

·         BIMARU states need focused strategies.

2.8.3 SDG Performance Overview in India

·         MPI has dropped significantly since 2005.

·         Challenges remain in rural areas, tribal belts, and urban slums.

2.8.4 Challenges and Way Forward

·         Address data gaps.

·         Strengthen local governance.

·         Improve last-mile delivery of schemes.

2.9 Global Scenario on SDG 1

2.9.1 Rise in Extreme Poverty Due to COVID-19

·         The pandemic reversed years of poverty reduction.

·         More than 70 million people were pushed into extreme poverty globally.

2.9.2 Disproportionate Effects on Women and Youth

·         Informal sector jobs, often held by women and youth, were hardest hit.

·         Increase in unpaid care work and education disruptions.

2.9.3 Social Protection Measures Undertaken by Governments

·         Direct cash transfers

·         Free food and ration schemes

·         Wage subsidies and employment guarantee programs

2.9.4 Global Initiatives to Reduce Disaster Risks

·         Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

·         UNDRR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction) campaigns

·         Strengthening climate resilience

2.10 Objectives of Policies for Recovery from COVID-19

Governments have formulated recovery policies that aim to:

·         Build resilient economies

·         Strengthen universal social protection systems

·         Promote inclusive digital and green economies

·         Empower vulnerable populations, including women and children

2.11 Let Us Sum Up

SDG 1 aims to eradicate all forms of poverty by 2030. India has made commendable efforts through targeted schemes and the development of its MPI. However, challenges persist in certain regions and among vulnerable groups. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed serious setbacks, but it also highlighted the importance of strong social protection systems and inclusive recovery. Achieving SDG 1 will require sustained efforts at local, national, and global levels, informed by reliable data and people-centric policies.

 


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